The ORIGINS of BUDDHIST MONASTIC CODES in CHINA AN ANNOTATED TRANSLATION AND STUDY OF THE CHANYUAN QINGGUI Yifa Kuroda Institute Classics in East Asian Buddhism The Origins of Buddhist Monastic Codes in China CLASSICS IN EAST ASIAN BUDDHISM The Origins of Buddhist Monastic Codes in China An Annotated Translation and Study of the Chanyuan qinggui YIFA A KURODA INSTITUTE BOOK University of Hawai‘i Press Honolulu © 2002 Kuroda Institute All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America 07 06 05 04 03 02 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Yifa. The origins of Buddhist monastic codes in China : an annotated translation and study of the Chanyuan qinggui / Yifa. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8248-2494-6 (alk. paper) 1. Zongze, d. 1092. Chan yuan qing gui. 2. Monasticism and reli- gious orders, Zen—Rules. I. Title: Annotated translation and study of the Chanyuan qinggui. II. Zongze, d. 1092. Chan yuan qing gui. English. III. Title. BQ9295.Z653 Y54 2002 294.3'657'0951—dc21 2002000245 Figure Credits P. xxv: Walking stick. Butsuzo hyoshikigi zusetsu, by Gikai, 1694. NBZ 73. Guazi. Butsuzo hyoshikigi zusetsu, by Gikai, 1694. NBZ 73. Shoes. Butsuzo hyoshikigi zusetsu, by Gikai, 1694. NBZ 73. P. xxvi: Compartment. Zengaku daijiten. Pianshen. Butsuzo hyoshikigi zusetsu, by Gikai, 1694. NBZ 73. P. xxvii: Bowl set. Zusetsu Zen no subete: ikite iru Zen, by Shinohara Hisao and Sato Tatsugen. Tokyo: Mokujisha, 1989. Sangha hall. Zusetsu Zen no subete: ikite iru Zen, by Shinohara Hisao and Sato Tatsugen. Tokyo: Mokujisha, 1989. P. xxviii: Assembly quarters. Zusetsu Zen no subete: ikite iru Zen, by Shinohara Hisao and Sato Tatsugen. Tokyo: Mokujisha, 1989. Dining room bell. Zusetsu Zen no subete: ikite iru Zen, by Shinohara Hisao and Sato Tatsugen. Tokyo: Mokujisha, 1989. P. xxix: Wandering monk. Zusetsu Zen no subete: ikite iru Zen, by Shinohara Hisao and Sato Tatsugen. Tokyo: Mokujisha, 1989. Arrival at the monastery gate. Zusetsu Zen no subete: ikite iru Zen, by Shinohara Hisao and Sato Tatsugen. Tokyo: Mokujisha, 1989. P. xxx: Bowing. Zusetsu Zen no subete: ikite iru Zen, by Shinohara Hisao and Sato Tatsugen. Tokyo: Mokujisha, 1989. Answering questions. Zusetsu Zen no subete: ikite iru Zen, by Shinohara Hisao and Sato Tatsugen. Tokyo: Mokujisha, 1989. Drum. Zusetsu Zen no subete: ikite iru Zen, by Shinohara Hisao and Sato Tatsugen. Tokyo: Mokujisha, 1989. The Kuroda Institute for the Study of Buddhism and Human Values is a nonprofit, educational corporation founded in 1976. One of its primary objectives is to promote scholarship on the historical, philosophical, and cultural ramifications of Buddhism. In association with the University of Hawai‘i Press, the Institute also publishes Studies in East Asian Buddhism, a series of scholarly investigations of significant themes and topics in the East Asian Buddhist tradition. University of Hawai‘i Press books are printed on acid-free paper and meet the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Council on Library Resources. Designed by Cindy Chun Printed by The Maple-Vail Book Manufacturing Group Kuroda Institute Classics in East Asian Buddhism The Record of Tung-shan Translated by William F. Powell Tracing Back the Radiance: Chinul’s Way of Zen Translated with an Introduction by Robert E. Buswell, Jr. The Great Calming and Contemplation A Study and Annotated Translation of the First Chapter of Chih-i’s Mo-ho chih-kuan Translated by Neal Donner and Daniel B. Stevenson Inquiry into the Origin of Humanity An Annotated Translation of Tsung-mi’s Yüan jen lun with a Modern Commentary Peter N. Gregory Zen in Medieval Vietnam A Study and Translation of the Thién Uyèn Táp Anh Cuong Tu Nguyen The Origins of Buddhist Monastic Codes in China: An Annotated Translation and Study of the Chanyuan qinggui Yifa Kuroda Institute Studies in East Asian Buddhism Studies in Ch’an and Hua-yen Robert M. Gimello and Peter N. Gregory, editors Dògen Studies William R. LaFleur, editor The Northern School and the Formation of Early Ch’an Buddhism John R. McRae Traditions of Meditation in Chinese Buddhism Peter N. Gregory, editor Sudden and Gradual: Approaches to Enlightenment in Chinese Thought Peter N. Gregory, editor Buddhist Hermeneutics Donald S. Lopez, Jr., editor Paths to Liberation: The Marga and Its Transformations in Buddhist Thought Robert E. Buswell, Jr. and Robert M. Gimello, editors Sòtò Zen in Medieval Japan William M. Bodiford The Scripture on the Ten Kings and the Making of Purgatory in Medieval Chinese Buddhism Stephen F. Teiser The Eminent Monk: Buddhist Ideals in Medieval Chinese Hagiography John Kieschnick Re-Visioning “Kamakura” Buddhism Richard K. Payne, editor Original Enlightenment and the Transformation of Medieval Japanese Buddhism Jacqueline I. Stone Buddhism in the Sung Edited by Peter N. Gregory and Daniel A. Getz, Jr. Coming to Terms with Chinese Buddhism: A Reading of the Treasure Store Treatise Robert Sharf Ryògen and Mount Hiei: Japanese Tendai in the Tenth Century Paul Groner For my spiritual teacher and my parents Contents Acknowledgments xi Abbreviations xiii Conventions xvii Introduction xix Part One: Context 1. Evolution of Monastic Regulations in China 3 2. Genesis of Chanyuan qinggui: Continuity and Adaptation 53 Part Two: Text 3. The Author and His Work 101 4. Chanyuan qinggui in Translation 112 Preface 112 Fascicle One 114 Fascicle Two 135 Fascicle Three 150 Fascicle Four 162 Fascicle Five 175 Fascicle Six 190 Fascicle Seven 205 Notes 221 Glossary 309 Bibliography 319 Index 337 Finding List 347 ix Acknowledgments In making my acknowledgments, I must first express my indebted- ness to the monks throughout the ages who have, through their dili- gence, bequeathed to us so many treasures. Chinese monks made careful translations of Indian Vinayas, wrote detailed treatises and commentaries on Vinayas, and painstakingly composed monastic codes. Japanese monks deserve recognition for preserving the text and continuing the tradition of Vinaya scholarship. The commen- taries of Mujaku Dòchû (1653–1744) were especially valuable to the present translation for the great light they shed on the sometimes ab- struse text of Chanyuan qinggui. I extend my most devoted gratitude to my advisor, Professor Stan- ley Weinstein of the Department of Religious Studies, Yale Univer- sity, who impressed on me his meticulous standards of scholarship and gave me the solid training necessary to complete my disserta- tion. He should not, however, bear the slightest blame for any in- sufficiencies found in my work. Special thanks should also go to Lu- cie Weinstein for her compassion and encouragement. While in Japan I received the generous assistance of Professor Kosaka Kiyû at Komazawa University, who took the time to meet with me regularly, answer my questions, and arrange visits to the Eiheiji monastic headquarters and the Eiheiji branch temple in Tokyo, whose members I would like to thank. I would like to express my grat- itude to Professor Ishii Shûdò (also of Komazawa University) and his wife, Emi, for their kind efforts and for providing useful mate- rial. I must acknowledge Ms. Suzuki Eiko, the librarian at Komazawa University, for her extreme kindness and untiring aid. I do not know how to thank my friend and fellow graduate stu- dent Lee D. Johnson, without whose editorial assistance and enor- mous time commitment this work would not have been possible. Also xi xii Acknowledgments invaluable were the generous editorial contributions of Anne Lazrove and John N. Jones, my colleagues in the Department of Religious Studies. I must also thank Yamabe Nobuyoshi, who supplied me with bibliographical suggestions and who, while simultaneously working on his own dissertation, took the time to argue with me over details and provide encouragement. I am also grateful for the advice and sup- port of Richard Jaffe of Duke University and Morten Schlütter. For their help in readying this work for publication, I thank Paul Kjell- berg of Whittier College, Mizuko Ichinose of Yale University Library’s East Asian Collection, and Margaret Weatherford, who spent many hours reorganizing and editing the final draft. Thanks go, also, to the Kuroda Series publications committee and reviewers for their en- couragement and helpful suggestions. Finally, I would like to express my deep appreciation to the mem- bers of Fo Guang Shan Monastery for their sponsorship and en- couragement. I thank especially my spiritual teacher, Hsing Yun (Xingyun), who inspired me to enter the Buddhist order and provided a nun with the opportunity to pursue a formal education. I also ac- knowledge my great indebtedness to my family and to all the devo- tees of Fo Guang Shan who went to great lengths to make my stud- ies at Yale possible. Abbreviations AOS Journal of the American Oriental Society BKN Bukkyògaku kenkyûkai nenpò Ú–«„s|~¯ BS Bukkyò shigaku Ú–v« BYQG Chanlin beiyong qinggui IL∆ŒMW CBQG Chixiu Baizhang qinggui ’◊?VMW CHSS Chokushû Hyakujò shingi sakei ’◊?VMW™L CSJ Chu sanzang jiji XT√O∞ CYQG Chanyuan qinggui IbMW DSL Da Song sengshi lüe j∫¨v§ DSW Da biqiu sanqian weiyi jÒCTd¬ˆ DXQZ Da Tang xiyu qiufa gaoseng zhuan jËÏDk™ ¨« DZDL Da zhidu lun jº◊◊ DZZ Dògen Zenji zenshû D∏Iv˛∞ FYZL Fayuan zhulin kb]L FZTJ Fozu tongji Ú™ŒO GJZ Gozan jissatsu zu ≠sQbœ GSP Genben Shuoyiqieyou bu pinaiye ⁄ª°@¡≥°i `C GSP(A) Genben Shuoyiqieyou bu pinaiye anjushi w~∆ GSP(B) Genben Shuoyiqieyou bu baiyi jiemo ?@~i GSP(C) Genben Shuoyiqieyou bu pinaiye chujiashi Xa∆ GSP(J) Genben Shuoyiqieyou bu pinaiye