Subfamily CERCOPITHECINAE, MACAQUES* Genus Active Period Social Pattern/ Reproduction Substrate Use Diet Positional Behavior Sleep Pattern fascicularis: lowland and fascicularis: travel and secondary forests feeding is primarily w/ dense, arboreal but do utilize continuous forest ground; primarily structure; prefers quadrupedal, some leaping Large, multimale lower levels of Singletons at Macaca Diurnal troops; usually main canopy Primarily frugivorous yearly intervals matrilineal nemestrina: upland & more nemestrina: travel is hilly areas w/ primarily terrestrial but do less continuous feed in trees; primarily canopy and less quadrupedal dense undergrowth *Moderately long snouts, high-crowned molars w/ very low cusps, long third molars, limbs are intermediate in robustness between guenons and baboons; short fingers, opposable thumbs, very dexterous. Subfamily CERCOPITHECINAE, BABOONS*, MANDRILLS & DRILLS**, GELADAS*** Genus Active Social Pattern/ Repro- Substrate Use Diet Positional Behavior Period Sleep Pattern duction Woodland savannahs, Savannah baboons (incl. papio, grasslands, acacia scrubs, anubis, cynocephalus, ursinus): but also gallery forests large socially complex multimale and some rain forests; troops; females stay in natal group; forage and travel Eclectic feeders, ripe females mate w/ several males terrestrially, but sleep in fruits, roots and Papio diurnal Singletons trees or rocky cliffs tuber, grass seeds etc. quadrupedal Hamadryas baboon: single male w/ Opportunistic 1-4 unrelated females (i.e., harem); faunivores individual harems forage solitarily Arid scrublands of or with related groups but large Ethiopia sleeping groups form on rocky cliffs Dense forests; Primarily Fruits, leaves, pith, terrestrial, but juveniles insects; hard nuts and Mandrillus diurnal Variable (single- and multimale) Singletons Quadrupedal and females will climb seeds when other into trees foods are scarce Most terrestrial on Exclusively Treeless, montane nonhuman primates; Single male groups w/ related herbivorous, grass, Theropithecus diurnal Singletons grasslands of Ethiopian quadrupedal; feed females / sleep on rocky cliffs seeds, roots, highlands; while sitting and occasionally fruit shuffling *Very large, sexually dimorphic monkeys; long molars and broad incisors; sexually dimorphic canines; honing triad; long snout, pronounced brow ridges, limbs equal in length, short digits, rel. short tails and large ischial callosities; lots of interbreeding at the boundaries between species. **Large forest monkeys from West Africa. Extremely sexually dimorphic in size and coloration. Long muzzles w/ pronounced maxillary ridges; limbs of equal length. Very short tails ***Large, extremely sexually dimorphic monkeys; males have shaggy manes & whiskers; both sexes have red hourglass patches on chest and in females these are outlined w/ white vesicles. Very distinctive molar teeth characterized by complex enamel folds, very large canines, short face. Long thumb rel to other digits, related to seed eating. Subfamily CERCOPITHECINAE, MANGABEYS** Genus Active Period Social Pattern/ Reproduction Substrate Use Diet Positional Behavior Sleep Pattern Wide variety of forests but are dependent upon swamps or Large multimale Fruits, hard nuts and Cercocebus@ Diurnal singletons seasonally quadrupedal groups seeds, invertebrates flooded forests; prefer understory but travel and feed on ground. Variety of Smaller forests where Strictly arboreal Lophocebus# Diurnal multimale singletons Fruits and invertebrates they prefer main quadrupeds groups canopy level **Large, forest-living monkeys w/ long molars, very lg. incisors, rel. long snouts, hollow cheeks, long limbs and long tails. @ West & East Africa; Large, dimorphic monkeys, w/ very large teeth, convex nasal bones, wide interorbital pillar, long ectotympanic, upright mandibular ramus. Argued by some to be closely related to mandrills and drills # Central Africa; Smaller, less dimorphic species, w/ smaller teeth, superiorly pinched interorbital pillar, inferiorly curving zygomatic arch, elongated skull. Argued by some to be closely related to baboons and geladas Subfamily CERCOPITHECINAE, GUENONS & RELATIVES Genus Active Social Pattern/ Repro- Substrate Use Diet Positional Behavior Period Sleep Pattern duction Flooded forests of western Allenopithecus@ Diurnal and central Africa Large multimale groups / Leaping and sleep by water into which quadrupedal Riverine forest of western Insects and fruit – they leap when frightened; walking/running; Miopithecus** Diurnal singletons and central Africa; prefer most insectivorous of forage in same-sex subgroups; best leapers of dense undergrowth OWM. males join groups during 3 cercopithecines and mo. breeding season good swimmers Grass seeds, new Extremely fast Single male groups / sleep in Grasslands; forage in open shoots and acacia runners, will stand Erythrocebus# Diurnal singletons trees grass gums; eat on the bipedally to look move over grass More terrestrial than Multimale groups, with Singletons, Woodland savannah and Fruits, gums, shoots, guenons; mostly Chlorocebus Diurnal dominance hierarchy among seasonal gallery forest some invertebrates quadrupedal w/ males some leaping Forest dwellers, but Arboreal Singletons, variable in forest Frugivorous and quadrupeds, but Cercopithecus* Diurnal Single males groups seasonal preference and canopy insectivorous some leap and some levels come to ground @ macaque-like molars suggest frugivory – otherwise unknown; considered most primitive of guenon group. **Smallest OWM – many features may be function of neoteny # Extremely specialized for terrestrial life in open grasslands. Medium-sized, very sexually dimorphic; narrow hands and feet w/ short digits and reduced thumb and big toe. *most species average about 4-5kg, moderate sexual dimorphism, sexually dimorphic canines, rel. narrow molars, lack hypoconulid on third molar, short snouts, longer hind limbs than forelimbs, long tails. Females actively defend territory. Often feed and travel in mixed species groups, perhaps as antipredator strategy. Subfamily COLOBINAE, AFRICAN COLOBUS MONKEYS Genus Active Social Pattern/ Repro- Substrate Use Diet Positional Behavior Period Sleep Pattern duction Mature leaves and Primary rain forests as Black-&-white: Small single seeds of only a few Singletons; well as dry forests; main Quadrupedal male groups species; some unripe Colobus diurnal babies are canopy level walking, bounding, white fruit and leaping Black: multimale groups Lousy forests Hard seeds Large multimale groups; Primary rain forests; all Fruit, young leaves, Quadrupedal and Piliocolobus diurnal females have lg. estrous levels of canopy and shoots leaping swellings emergents Small multimale groups; Procolobus diurnal Swamp forests; understory New leaves Most saltatory females have sexual swellings Subfamily COLOBINAE, ASIAN LANGURS & LEAF MONKEYS Genus Active Social Pattern/ Repro- Substrate Use Diet Positional Behavior Period Sleep Pattern duction Variety of inland forests, Great leapers, less Single male groups, except Cruciform Leaves, seeds and but not montane or swamp quadrupedalism; Presbytis diurnal for P. potenziani, which is pattern to fruits; rarely mature forests; understory and occasional forelimb monogamous babies leaves lower canopy levels suspension Most terrestrial of Lots of Fruit, flowers, new colobines; use Variable, but generally 1 adult Semnopithecus diurnal aunting of All habitats leaves; don’t like quadrupedal gaits male per 10 females singletons mature leaves and leap; feed in seated posture Almost totally Kasi diurnal Small one-male groups singletons Forested areas Folivores arboreal and excellent leapers Variable; some upland Yellow or primary forests or orange Folivores and unripe Arboreal quadrupeds Trachypithecus diurnal Single male groups secondary forests, some infants; lots fruit who leap less swamp forests; prefers of aunting main canopies Subfamily COLOBINAE, ODD-NOSED MONKEYS Genus Active Social Pattern/ Repro- Substrate Use Diet Positional Behavior Period Sleep Pattern duction Small, single-male or Mixed, partly deciduous Pygathrix diurnal singletons Buds & leaves quadrupedal multimale groups forest Monsoon forests & Small, single-male or Most terrestrial of Rhinopithecus diurnal singletons montane coniferous Leaves & lichens multimale groups Asian colobines forests Riverine and coastal Quadrupedal, some Nasalis diurnal Single-male groups singletons New leaves and fruit forests swimming Feed and travel in trees Monogamous and single-male Leaves, fruits, seeds Simias diurnal singletons but will descend to ground quadrupedal groups & berries to flee .