StudyontheInteractionoftheSinicizationofChristianityand theReconstructionofCrossＧborderEthnicMinoritiesƳCulturesinYunnan〔１〕 ZhiyingGAOandDongleiWANG (YunnanUniversityandYunnanUniversityofFinanceandEconomics,Kunming,YunnanProvince,P．R．China) Abstract :TheSinicizationofChristianity,whichisthedevelopingstrategyandpracticeto makeChristianityadaptto Chineseculture．ItcorrespondstotheChristianizationofChineseethnic minoritypeoplewhobelievedinChristianity． Fromtheperspectiveofculturalinteraction,borrowingandblending,thestudyexploresthe motivation,processand characteristicsoftheinteractivedevelopmentbetweenthelocalizationandcontextualizationofChristianityin Yunnan ethnicminorities ‘areasandtheChristianizationofethnic minorities’culturesbyhistoricalcombingandsynchronic comparison．Mostly between Christianity and ethnic minoritiesƳ traditional cultures had experienced from the estrangement,andcoexistedwitheachotherandblendingprocess,andfinishedtheChristianfrom “in”tothetransitionof “again”,soastorealizetheSinicizationalcharacteristicsoftheregional,national,butalsomaketheborderethniccultural reconstruct． KeyWords :Yunnanethnicminorities;Sinicization;Christianization;Interactivedevelopment Author :GaoZhiying,Professor,PhD,CenterforStudiesofChineseSouthwestƳsBorderlandEthnicMinoritiesofYunnan University．Tel:１３８８８０７２２２９Email:２２９６０５４８９１＠qq．com WangDonglei,ViceProfessor,PhD,SchoolofInternational LanguagesandCulturesofYunnanUniversityofFinanceandEconomics．Tel:１５８８７０１５５８０Email:１６０９７６６８７８＠qq．com Ⅰ．TheOriginoftheTopic JustasZhuoXinpingsaid,ItisnecessaryforforeignreligionssuchasBuddhism,Christianity andIslamtobeSinicizedinChina．OnlythroughthisprocesscantheydevelopinChinaandbecome 〔２〕 local,subdue,socialized,acculturatedandunderstoodculturallybypeople． Therefore,PresidentXi Jinpingpointedout:“we mustadheretotheorientationofChinesereligion．”Christianityinthe borderethnicareasofYunnanhasspreadoutbytheendofthe１９thcenturytillnow．Ithasbeena 〔１〕 ProjectFund:NationalSocialScienceMajorBiddingProjectin２０１７:ResearchonRuralChristianityundertheBackgroundof ChristianitySinicizationinChina(ProjectNo．:１７ZDA２３１);TheResearchProjectofNationalReligiousAffairsAdministrationin２０２０: ResearchontheChristianitySinicizationPracticeandExistingProblemsofCrossＧborderEthnic MinoritiesinYunnan．(ProjectNo．: FX２００４D);TheTopＧrankingEthnologicalDisciplinaryConstructionProjectofYunnanUniversity． 〔２〕 ZhuoXinping,Sinicization:The Only Wayto Renew Christianityin China,China Ethnic News,August６,２０１４．２０１８ NationalSocialScience Fund Project,Research onthe MultiＧreligionInteractionin Regions between Southwest China andthe NeighboringCountriesanditsInfluenceontheConstructionofthe“BeltandRoad”(No．１８CZJ０２７) １５７ 国学与西学 国际学刊 第 期 年 月 ２０ ,２０２１ ６ longperiodforfourtofivegenerationsof missionaries whocamefrom foreigncountriesatthe beginningandtothelocal missionarieslatter,theyallhaveadvancedintheexploration ofthe SinicizationofChristianity．From regional,nationallocalizationtothelocal (reＧlocal)practiceof Christianityin Yunnanborderethnic minorityareasofChina．Becauseofthereare manyethnic minoritieswhobelievedinChristianityandtheydohavetherelativelyhighproportionofbelievers, combinedwiththeissuesoftheprominentdiversetraditionalethnicminoritiesƳculturesandthelarge numberofcrossＧborderethnic minorities,thestudyontheSinicizationofChristianityofethnic minoritiesinYunnancanprovideempiricalcasesforthestudyontheSinicizationofChristianityin Chinaaswell． AlthoughseveralscholarshavenoticedtheparallelbetweenTheSinicizationofChristianityand 〔３〕 theChristianizationofminorityculturesforalongtime, butafteraperiodofstudy,theytended 〔４〕 tothestudyontheculturesofethnic minoritiesandunidirectionalinfluenceofChristianity． Thereareafew scholarsbegintopaycloseattentiontoheinteractionbetween Christianityand 〔５〕 Socialdevelopmentin Yunnaninrecentyears． Ingeneral,ChristianSinicizationisrealizedby threewaysofintegration whichintegratedinto Chineseculture,theChinese Nationand ChinaƳs societyandthree modesofIdentification whichidentifiedtheChineseculture,Chinesenationand 〔６〕 ChinaƳssociety． TheintegrationandidentificationofChineseculturearethe mostimportant issues．EthnicMinoritiesƳculturesareindispensabletoChineseculture;Theethnicminoritiesarealso importantpartsoftheChinesenationandChinesesociety,TherelationshipbetweenChristianityand YunnanethnicminoritiesƳculturesisaninevitableandimportantissueonthestudyofChristianity Sinicizationin China．We need toIntegratethe previousresearch and the authorƳsfollowＧup fieldworkinvestigation,taketheborderethnicminoritieswhichhavethelargestpopulationandthe widestdistributionin Yunnan asthe research respondents,Through the dualＧperspectives of adaptation,developing historyandculturalchangesofChristianculturesofethnic minoritiesin Yunnan,itwillbehelpfultoconstructatheoreticalsystem oftheinteractiverelationshipbetween Christianityandborderethnicminorities,especiallyforcrossＧborderethnicminorities． Ⅱ．AnOverviewoftheInteractiveDevelopmentbetweenTheSinicizationof ChristianityandtheCulturesofYunnanBorderAreasEthnicMinorities Accordingto the fieldwork investigation,when the foreign missionaries who came from 〔３〕 QianNing,TheSpreadandInfluenceofChristianityinYunnan MinoritySociety,StudiesofWorldReligions,Vol．３,２０００． 〔４〕 HanJunxue:theChristianandtheethnicminoritiesinYunnan,YunnanPeopleƳsPublishinghouse,２０００;ZhangXiaoqiong: TheInfluence of Modern Christianityin Some of Ethnic MinoritiesƳ Culturesin Yunnan,JournalofSouthwest Universityfor Nationalities,２００１;GaoZhiying:TheDevelopmentofSinoＧburmeseChristianityduringtheFirstHalfofthe２０thCentury,The World ReligiousCultures,Vol．４,２０１０． 〔５〕 ZhangJiancheng:ResearchontheSinicizationofEthnic MinoritiesƳChristianCulturesAcculturationin Yunnan,Guizhou EthnicStudies,Vol．７,２００６;GaoZhiying,StudyonChristianizationandLocalizationofChristianityofLisuandNuEthnicMinorityin theNorthernBoundaryofChinaand Myanmar,InternationalJournalofSinoＧWesternStudies,Vellikellontie３ A４,００４１０ Helsinki, Finland,２０１７． 〔６〕 GaoZhiying,StudyonChristianizationandLocalizationofChristianityofLisuand NuEthnic Minorityinthe Northern BoundaryofChinaand Myanmar,InternationalJournalofSinoＧWesternStudies,Vellikellontie３A４,００４１０Helsinki,Finland,２０１７． １５８ GaoZhiying,etal．:StudyontheInteractionoftheSinicizationofChristianityandtheReconstructionofCrossＧborderEthnicMinoritiesƳCulturesinYunnan EuropeanandAmericanProtestantdenominationssetfootonYunnanfirstly,whichisalandwith 〔７〕 obviousculturaldiversities． Attheverybeginningofspreadingthe Gospeltoalltheethnic minoritiesin Yunnan,italsobeganthecontact withvariouspaganism anddifferentculturesin Yunnan,andtriedtogainafootholdanddevelopmentthroughlocalizationandindigenization．Since then,thetraditionalcultureofChristianityandethnicminoritieshasbeeninboth mutualexclusion andmutualabsorption,andeachhasbeenconstantlyabsorbingtheculturalelementsfromtheother formutualdevelopment． １．TheBeginningofChristianLocalizationandChristianizationofYunnanEthnicMinoritiesbefore １９５０s ThespreadofethnicChristianityin Yunnanbefore１９５０scanbecomedowntotwo modes． Firstly,foreign missionariestooktheinitiativetopreachinethnic minorityvillages．Thisis more commonin Lahu,Hani,Dulong,Wa,Yiandotherethnic minorities;secondly,itistheinitiative acceptionofforeignmissionariesandChristianitybyethnicminoritypeople．Thisismoreprominent insomeJingpoand Lisu areas,such as Guangshanjingpo peopletaketheinitiativeto accept 〔８〕 Christianityastheirreligionin Longchuan,Dehong． Forexample,the Lisu and Nu ethnic minoritiesinFugong (formerlycalledBijiangCounty)invitedthefirstgenerationofnativeLisu missionarieswhoweresentbyforeign missionariesfrom TheGospelhill(Gengma)toLushuito 〔９〕 theirvillages． However,therearedifferentformsofacceptionsofChristianityindifferentborder areasofthesameethnicminority．Forexample,theChristianityofLushuiandFugongLisupeople, theyacceptedChristianitypassively,whiletheChristianityofGongshanand OriginalBijiangLisu 〔１０〕 peoplewasacceptedactively． However,whetheritisactiveintroductionorpassiveacceptance, ultimately,allroadsleadtoRomeandbasicallythroughthefollowingwaysof(means,strategies)to achievethepurposeofpreaching:(１)tooffermedicaltreatments;(２)tohelpthepoor;(３)toopen schools;(４)tocreatethewrittencharacters;(５)totranslateoriginalChristianbooks;(６)totrain thenativemissionaries;(７)tochangethetraditionsandcustomsofethnicminorities;(８)toprotect theparishionersfromlocalauthoritiesƳoppressionatanappropriatetime．Thepreviousgovernment 〔１１〕 andinvestigators whogavethesmallfavorstotemptedthelocalethnic minoritiestojointhe 〔１２〕 churches． As a result,some ethnic minorities who have been marginalized politically and 〔１３〕 economicallyinthemainlandforalongtimehavebeguntoshowthetrendofChristianization． 〔７〕 AccordingtothestatisticsofYunnanAnnalsofReligion & Christianity(YunnanPeopleƳsPublishingHouse,１９９０,pp．２３１Ｇ ２３９),theremorethan２０Christiandenominationsandalotoforganizationswhichsplitfromthem． 〔８〕 MaJuli,StudyonCrossＧbordercommunicationofChristianBeliefofJingpoPeopleinChinaＧMyanmarBorderareas:Basedon aCaseinGuangshanvillageofLongchuan． 〔９〕 GaoZhiying:TheDevelopmentofSinoＧburmeseChristianityduringtheFirstHalfofthe２０thCentury,TheWorldReligious Cultures,Vol．４,２０１０． 〔１０〕 AccordingtotheauthorƳsinterview withBarbi,thegrandsonofMorse,thefirstforeignmissionaryinGongshanonJuly２, ２０１７,Denver,USA．In１９３６,theMorsesƳmissionaryhouseinWeixiwasdestroyedbyamudslide．Theywerewelcomedbythebelievers inGongshanwheretheybuiltathatchedhouseandchurchforthepriestƳsfamilytosettledown． 〔１１〕 Accordingtoethnicsurveydatainthe１９５０sand１９６０s． 〔１２〕 SeeChinaƳsethnicsurveyoftheYunnanethnicminoritiesinthe１９５０sand１９６０s,andQinHepingƳspaperontheHistoryof