the California Geographer Volume XXI 1981 Annual JIUhli(·ation nf the CALU'ORNIA COUNCIL FOR GEOGRAPHIC EDUCATION the California Geographer Volume XXI 1981 the Annual publi<-ation of CALIFORNIA COUNCIL FOR GEOGRAPHIC EDUCATION Copyright � 1981 by the California Council for Geographic Education ii TABLE OF CONTENTS MACROCALIFORNIA AND THE URBAN GRADIENT .......... Harold M. Elliott 1 SUMMERTIME COASTAL AIRFLOW IN NORTHERN CALIFORNIA ............................................. Gerald Hcmnes 18 VERTICAL AERIAL IMAGERY OF THE LOS ANGELES AREA : A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ..... ......... ....Clm�ent Padick 30 DOING BATTLE WITH FEELINGS OF URBAN IMPOTENCE . ....... .... .......... ... ......Christopher L. Salter 47 BICENTENNIAL LOS ANGELES: COMMENTS ON THE METROPOLIS AND PERTINENT LITERATURE .......David W. Lcmtis 67 WILLIAM P. BLAKE'S DESERT OF THE COLORADO RIVER . ...... ....... ... .......... .... Anna J. Lang 81 THE PROSPECTS FOR GEOGRAPHY AT MONT EAGLE UNIVERSITY IN 1871 . ...... ...... .... .......Gary S. Dunbar 95 THIRTY-FIFTH ANNUAL MEETING, C. C. G. E., May 8 and 9, 1981. ............. .. ... ... ... ... Lake Tahoe 100 St atements and opinions appearing in THE CALIFORNIA GEOGRAPHER are the full responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the vi ews of the California Council for Geographic Education. The subscription rate is $8.00 per year. A CUMULA TIVE INDEX for Vols . I-XVII , (1960-1977) is available for $6. 00 each or $2. 00 for C.C.G.E. members. Please address all correspondence to : THE CALIFORNIA GEOGRAPHER, Department of Geography, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 90007. iii CALIFORNIA COUNCIL FOR GEOGRAPHIC EDUCATION EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 1981-1982 President CHARLES YAHR......................... SAN DIEGO STATE UNIVERSITY Vice President JOSEPH LEEPER................. HUMBOLDT STATE UNIVERSITY,,ARCATA Secretary-Treasurer ROBERT WALLEN.......................... MENDOCINO COLLEGE, UKIAH Executive Secretary WILLIAM J. FRASER......... SONOMA STATE lmiVERSITY, ROHNERT PARK Past President JOHN CARTHEW ..................... PIERCE COLLEGE, WOODLAND HILLS EXECUTIVE BOARD Class of 1982 DENNIS DINGEMANS................ UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS FRED SCANTLING.......... CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, LONG BEACH HAROLD THROCKMORTON ......................SAN DIEGO MESA COLLEGE CALVIN WILVERT.......... CAL. POLY. STATE UNIV., SAN LUIS OBISPO Class of 1933 BRUCE BECHTOL ................ CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, CHICO BARBARA FREDERICH.................... SAN DIEGO STATE UNIVERSITY PEGGY MANDEL................ SEQUOIA JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL, FONTANA JEAN WHEELER ............ CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, LONG BEACH Class of 1984 TH:1QTHY_BELL._............. SONOMA STATE UNIVERSITY, ROHNERT PARK HERBERT EDER ................CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY,HAYWARD DENNIS FLAHERTY ......................... DENOYER-GEPPERT COMPANY SUSAN HARDWICK ............... COSUMNES RIVER COLLEGE, SACRAMENTO iv CALIFORNIA COUNCIL FOR GEOGRAPHIC EDUCATION EDITORS THE CALIFORNIA GEOGRAPHER RONALD F. LOCKMANN............ UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA C. C. G. E. BULLET IN RODERICK C. McKENZIE ..........UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA PATTERNS ON THE LAND ATLAS ROBERT B. JOHNSON...... CALIFORNIA STATE UNIV. , DOMINGUEZ HILLS JUDITH TYNER........... CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, LONG BEACH EDITORIAL POLICY The California Council for Geographic Education welcomes manuscripts on research into spatial/geographic phenomena relating to the state of California or on matters of principles or case studies of geographic education. Welcome also are manuscripts on other themes by California authors. While there is no strict maximum length for submitted papers, we have tried to discourage papers longer than twenty (20) pages. Manuscripts - please send one additional copy - should be typewritten and double-spaced. In the interest within the geographic profession, manuscripts should conform generally to the guidelines published in the Annals, Association of American Geographers, March 1976 issue. In the case of the California Geographer, however, no abstract is necessary. Photographs, diagrams and maps are numbered as figures and should be camera-ready. Graphics should be no wider than seven inches. Submission of manuscripts without supporting graph­ ical materials will result in a delay in the reviewing process. The California Geographer is a refereed annual journal and manuscript editing and review by referees will aim toward clarity and succinctness. Authors - or readers - may obtain single article reprints of past contributions to the California Geographer (for all articles since 1979) at the cost of $1.00. Please address all manuscripts and queries to: Ronald F. Lockmann, Editor, Department of Geography, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA. v Volume XXI 1981 MACROCALIFORNIA AND THE URBAN GRADIENT Harold M. Elliott* Buridan's ass is a classic example of the dilemma of indecision . In a story originating with Aristotle , but usually attributed to the late medieval French philosopher Jean Buridan, a donkey once found himself located bet­ ween two bales of hay lying at identical distances to his right and to his left . Unable to decide between the equally attractive bales , the unfortu­ nate animal starved to death. 1 In other situations like this there is a more prudent course of action. In the absence of prior information leading a per­ son to prefer one alternative over another, the rationally justified procedure is random choice . Indiffe rence Lines In geography , the problem of choice without preference finds expression in the indifference line . Such lines are used to measure the spatial reach of cities and to identify boundaries between competing market areas . When indi­ viduals plan shopping trips they often must decide between alternate destina­ tions. If, after considering such things as time and effort , they find that they have no particular preference between two different cities , then their location between the two cities stradles what is called an indifference line. In such cases it is usually said that they have feelings of indifference toward both cities . Indifference lines are often defined as the midpoint between two places. Buridan 's ass was located on just such a line. If human beings acted like Buridan's ass we might expect to find starved bodies lying at irregular inter­ vals along each of these indifference lines . However , people are not usually this indecisive and along each line random choices are made. Huff has considered *Hm·old M. Elliott is Assistant Professor at the Department of Geology and Geography, Weber State College , Ogden, Utah 84408. 1 2 such lines and sees them as 50% probability lines . Right on the indifference line half the people are likely to choose one city and half will choose the other . Farther away , the probability that people will cross over the line for a trip to a market center on the other side decreases. Indifference lines have also been called lines of equilibrium , where the gravitational forces of one city are balanced by the gravitational forces of surrounding cities. Even though a given city's influence actually extends beyond these li nes , into the territory 3 of adjacent cities as it were , its influence is greatest within the lines. Larger places are often seen as having greater attraction. However , attractiveness is an elusive quality and characteristics other than size are often part of it . Where two places are of unequal attractive power the indifference line between them will be curved away from the place with the higher level of attraction. 4 In the special instance where two places are of equal attractive­ ness , the li ne between them will be straight . 5 Indifference lines have many uses in geography and several new ones will be explored here. The first such use involves the various levels of influence California exerts outside the state and how far this influence might extend. The second involves the connections and paths of influence that exist between California cities and other cities beyond California. Indiffe rence Li nes and Economic Functions Market area boundaries can be drawn between competing firms, between competing cities , and even between competing states. California is usually de­ fined by its political border. Another definition involves indifference lines and the hypothetical areas of influence they separate. Individuals, ideas , and arti­ facts are both attracted to and emitted from the cities of California along vari­ ous well-known channels of movement. California's attractive and emissive qualities are strongest within the stahi�area of influence and weakest beyond it. This area of influence and its many levels of intensity can be identified by the multiple lip.es of indifference that separate California cities from cities farther east . As has been established in studies of threshold , range, and economic hinterlands, higher order functions are increasingly concentrated in succes­ sively larger central places , and a greater variety of goods a-nd servtc:es can be found in larger central places than in smaller ones . 6 Size and function 2 are thus positively related. If higher order functions with higher thresholds tend to be located in larger central places , then it follows that there are some functions whose thresholds are so high that they can only be met in the largest central places . There are also some functions whose thresholds are so high that their minimum ran ges extend beyond individual places