Taisia Sycheva A SYSTEM FOR TRACKING KINDERGARTEN CHILDREN Master’s Thesis in Embedded Computing Supervisors: Dr. Sébastien Lafond and Annamari Soini, M. A. Department of Information Technologies Åbo Akademi University Åbo 2019 T. Sycheva: A system for tracking kindergarten children Table of contents Table of contents ............................................................................................................................................ i List of tables .................................................................................................................................................. 1 List of formulas ............................................................................................................................................. 2 List of figures ................................................................................................................................................ 3 List of graphs ................................................................................................................................................ 4 Abstract ......................................................................................................................................................... 5 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 6 2 Theory and background ......................................................................................................................... 7 2.1 General information about tracking .............................................................................................. 7 2.2 Related research and technologies used in the same type of projects ........................................... 8 2.3 Market analysis ........................................................................................................................... 10 2.3.1 Exploring the retail market .................................................................................................. 10 2.3.2 Target market ...................................................................................................................... 11 2.4 Questionnaire examination – public need for many-child tracking analysis ............................... 13 2.5 Definitive aspects of the proposed system .................................................................................. 19 2.6 Work specification - what is needed for the system .................................................................... 19 2.6.1 Requirements specification ................................................................................................. 20 2.6.2 Form-factor specification .................................................................................................... 20 2.6.3 Other specifications ............................................................................................................. 21 2.6.4 System design and components ........................................................................................... 21 3 Implementation ................................................................................................................................... 23 3.1 Specification of the system ......................................................................................................... 23 3.1.1 Choice of protocol ............................................................................................................... 23 3.1.2 Hardware ............................................................................................................................. 26 3.1.3 Design point of view (how the module should look) .......................................................... 28 3.1.4 Smartphone application ....................................................................................................... 29 3.2 Planning the experiments ............................................................................................................ 29 3.2.1 Experiments to conduct ....................................................................................................... 29 3.2.2 System design for experiments............................................................................................ 31 3.2.3 Hardware and software for experiments ............................................................................. 32 3.2.4 System structure .................................................................................................................. 32 3.2.5 System overview for the Bluetooth protocol experiments .................................................. 35 i T. Sycheva: A system for tracking kindergarten children 3.2.6 System overview for the ZigBee protocol experiments ...................................................... 36 3.3 Experimental results .................................................................................................................... 37 3.3.1 Trilateration techniques for Bluetooth in an open area ....................................................... 37 3.3.2 Trilateration techniques for Bluetooth in an area with obstacles ........................................ 38 3.3.3 Trilateration techniques for ZigBee in an open area ........................................................... 39 3.3.4 Trilateration techniques for ZigBee in an area with obstacles ............................................ 40 3.3.5 Analysis of the average measurement deviation from the real value .................................. 41 3.3.6 Analysis of the average measurement deviation from mean measurement average ........... 42 3.3.7 Analysis of the measurement differences between an open and an obstructed area ........... 44 3.3.8 Determining the best technique and protocol ...................................................................... 44 3.3.9 Measuring the location using the overlapping method with ZigBee ................................... 45 3.3.10 Analyzing the location accuracy from the overlapping method with ZigBee ..................... 48 4 Expectations and evaluation ................................................................................................................ 50 4.1.1 Expectations from the experiments ..................................................................................... 50 4.1.2 Evaluation of the experiments ............................................................................................. 50 5 Analyzing the completed work, discussing possible future improvements ........................................ 52 6 Bibliography ........................................................................................................................................ 53 Appendix Commercial products – competitor list ..................................................................................... 55 ii T. Sycheva: A system for tracking kindergarten children List of tables Table 3.3.1.1 Distance measurements using the Bluetooth protocol in an open area ................................. 37 Table 3.3.1.2 Average deviations for Bluetooth protocol in an open area .................................................. 38 Table 3.3.2.1 Distance measurements using Bluetooth protocol in an area with obstacles ........................ 38 Table 3.3.2.2 Average deviations for Bluetooth protocol in an area with obstacles ................................... 39 Table 3.3.3.1 Distance measurements using ZigBee protocol in an open area ........................................... 39 Table 3.3.3.2 Average deviations for ZigBee protocol in an open area ...................................................... 40 Table 3.3.4.1 Distance measurements using ZigBee protocol in an area with obstacles ............................ 41 Table 3.3.4.2 Average deviations for ZigBee protocol in an area with obstacles ....................................... 41 Table 3.3.5.1 Average measurement deviation from the real value ............................................................ 41 Table 3.3.7.1 Mean measurements delta between open and obstructed areas, RSSI .................................. 44 Table 3.3.7.2 Mean measurements delta between open and obstructed areas, time delay and overlap ...... 44 Table 3.3.8.1 Summary of the measurements ............................................................................................. 45 Table 3.3.9.1 Location measurement for the ZigBee protocol, overlapping method, attempt 1 ................. 46 Table 3.3.9.2 Location measurement for the ZigBee protocol, overlapping method, attempt 2 ................. 46 Table 3.3.9.3 Location measurement for the ZigBee protocol, overlapping method, attempt 3 ................. 46 Table 3.3.10.1 Mean location and delta ...................................................................................................... 49 1 T. Sycheva: A system for tracking kindergarten children List of formulas Formula 3.3.9.1 The equations for the location circles ............................................................................... 47 Formula 3.3.9.2 The equations for the intersection of the (M1) and the (M3) ........................................... 47 Formula 3.3.9.3 The equations for the intersection of the (M1) and the (M2) ........................................... 48 Formula 3.3.9.4 The equations for the intersection of the (M2) and the (M3) ..........................................