TOPICS IN THE PHONOLOGY AND MORPHOLOGY OF TUVAN K. DAVID HARRISON YALE UNIVERSITY A Dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirments for the Doctorate of Philosophy in Linguistics. September 1, 2000 Professor Stephen R. Anderson, Chair Assistant Professor Abigail R. Kaun, Co-chair Professor Louis Goldstein Harrison © 2001 K. David Harrison 2 Phonology and Morphology of Tuvan TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...........................................................................................................6 PREFACE..............................................................................................................................7 CHAPTER ONE: A GRAMMATICAL SKETCH OF TUVAN ............................... 8 0. INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................8 1.0 REVIEW OF LITERATURE.............................................................................................9 1.1 PHONOLOGY.......................................................................................................... 11 1.2.1 CONSONANT ALLOPHONES............................................................................................ 13 1.2.2 PLOSIVES................................................................................................................... 14 1.2.5 CONSONANT CLUSTERS................................................................................................ 14 1.3.2 METATHESIS .............................................................................................................. 16 1.4 SYLLABLE STRUCTURE............................................................................................. 18 2.0 MORPHOLOGY........................................................................................................ 18 2.1 NOMINAL MORPHOLOGY........................................................................................... 19 2.1.1 NUMBER ............................................................................................................ 20 2.1.2 NOMINAL CASE................................................................................................... 20 3.0 PRONOUNS............................................................................................................. 27 3.2 REFLEXIVES........................................................................................................... 28 3.3 INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS....................................................................................... 29 3.4 INDEFINITE PRONOUNS ............................................................................................. 29 3.5 QUANTITATIVE PRONOUNS........................................................................................ 30 4.0 ADJECTIVES ........................................................................................................... 30 5.0 ADVERBS ............................................................................................................... 31 6.0 AUXILIARY NOUNS.................................................................................................. 32 7.0 POSTPOSITIONS....................................................................................................... 33 8.0 VERBAL MORPHOLOGY............................................................................................. 33 8.1 VERBAL CATEGORIZERS............................................................................................ 33 8.2 VERBAL MORPHOLOGY............................................................................................. 34 8.3 PERSON SUFFIXES .................................................................................................... 35 8.4 TENSE, ASPECT, MOOD............................................................................................. 35 8.4.1 TENSE............................................................................................................... 36 8.4.1.1 PAST TENSE........................................................................................................ 36 8.4.1.2 PRESENT/FUTURE TENSE....................................................................................... 36 8.4.2 ASPECTUAL MORPHOLOGY .................................................................................... 37 8.4.2.1 ITERATIVE / PARTITIVE........................................................................................ 38 8.4.2.2 PERFECTIVE ASPECT............................................................................................. 38 8.4.2.3 PERFECTIVE -P PLUS -T-......................................................................................... 38 8.4.2.4 RESULTATIVE ASPECT .......................................................................................... 39 8.4.2.5 CESSATIVE......................................................................................................... 39 8.4.3 MOOD.............................................................................................................. 39 8.4.3.1 CONDITIONAL MOOD........................................................................................... 39 8.4.3.2 CONCESSIVE MOOD.............................................................................................. 40 8.4.3.3 CONCILIATORY MOOD.......................................................................................... 40 8.4.3.4 DESIDERATIVE MOOD........................................................................................... 41 8.4.3.5 EVIDENTIAL MOOD.............................................................................................. 41 8.4.3.6 IMPERATIVE MOOD .............................................................................................. 41 8.5 NEGATION............................................................................................................. 42 8.6 VERBAL MODIFIERS.................................................................................................. 43 8.6.1 CONVERBS......................................................................................................... 43 8.6.2 PARTICIPLES....................................................................................................... 45 8.7 AUXILIARY VERBS................................................................................................... 46 3 Harrison 8.8 AUXILIARY NOUNS.................................................................................................. 47 9.0 SYNTAX................................................................................................................ 48 9.1 COPULAE............................................................................................................... 48 9.2 COORDINATION...................................................................................................... 49 9.3 SUBORDINATION..................................................................................................... 50 CHAPTER TWO: DISTINCTIVE PITCH IN TUVAN........................................53 0. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................... 53 1.0 VOWEL SYSTEM ...................................................................................................... 54 2.0 CONTRASTIVE NATURE OF LOW PITCH ......................................................................... 56 3.0 ACOUSTICS OF LOW PITCH ......................................................................................... 57 3.1 AN ACOUSTIC CORRELATE OF LOW PITCH...................................................................... 59 4.0 PITCH CONTOUR, DURATION AND SYLLABLE STRUCTURE ................................................ 60 4.1 PITCH CONTRAST IN MONOSYLLABLES......................................................................... 61 4.2 VOWEL DURATION IN MONOSYLLABLES....................................................................... 64 4.3 PITCH CONTRAST IN POLYSYLLABLES .......................................................................... 64 4.4 DURATION IN POLYSYLLABIC CONTEXTS...................................................................... 66 4.5 PITCH AND DURATION IN PHRASAL CONTEXTS............................................................... 68 5.0 DISCUSSION............................................................................................................ 71 CHAPTER THREE: HIATUS RESOLUTION AND VELAR DELETION .................74 0. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................... 74 1.0 HIATUS ................................................................................................................. 75 1.1 HIATUS RESOLUTION............................................................................................... 75 1.2 DOMINANCE OF NON-HIGH VOWELS............................................................................ 77 1.2 A TYPOLOGY OF HIATUS RESOLUTION ......................................................................... 77 1.3 A FORMAL MODEL OF HIATUS AND COALESCENCE.......................................................... 79 2.0 DISTRIBUTION OF VELARS......................................................................................... 82 2.2 SYLLABLE STRUCTURE CONSTRAINTS .......................................................................... 84 3.0 VELAR