Study to Monitor the Economic Development of the Collaborative Economy at sector level in the 28 EU Member States Final Report 23 February 2018 [Written by] [February – 2018] EUROPEAN COMMISSION Directorate-General for Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs Directorate E — Modernisation of the Single Market Directorate E.3 Digitalisation of the Single Market E-mail: [email protected] European Commission B-1049 Brussels Study to Monitor the Economic Development of the Collaborative Economy at sector level in the 28 EU Member States Final Report The information and views set out in this study are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official opinion of the Commission. The Commission does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this study. Neither the Commission nor any person acting on the Commission’s behalf may be held responsible for the use which may be made of the information contained therein. Directorate-General for Directorate-General for Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs 2018 EN Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union. Freephone number (*): 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (*) The information given is free, as are most calls (though some operators, phone boxes or hotels may charge you). LEGAL NOTICE This document has been prepared for the European Commission; however, it reflects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use, which may be made of the information contained therein. More information on the European Union is available on the Internet (http://www.europa.eu). Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2018 ISBN: 978-92-79-81728-1 Doi: 10.2873/83555 © European Union, 2018 Reproduction is authorised, provided the source is acknowledged. CONTENTS GLOSSARY ................................................................................................................... 7 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... 9 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................. 10 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 15 1. METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY .............................................................................. 17 1.1 Identifying indicators ................................................................................... 18 1.2 Data collection ............................................................................................ 18 1.3 Data analysis .............................................................................................. 20 1.4 Assessment of development of the collaborative economy in the EU .................. 25 2. ASSESSMENT OF THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE COLLABORATIVE ECONOMY IN THE EU ............................................................................................ 30 2.1 Current level of economic development of the collaborative economy in the EU ... 30 2.2 Assessment of the economic development of the collaborative economy in the EU ............................................................................................................. 38 3. LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE COLLABORATIVE ECONOMY ON THE SECTOR LEVEL ................................................................................................................. 44 3.1 Transport ................................................................................................... 44 3.2 Accommodation .......................................................................................... 52 3.3 Finance ...................................................................................................... 60 3.4 Online skills ................................................................................................ 69 4. LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE COLLABORATIVE ECONOMY IN MEMBER STATES ....... 75 4.1 Austria ....................................................................................................... 75 4.2 Belgium ..................................................................................................... 78 4.3 Bulgaria ..................................................................................................... 81 4.4 Cyprus ....................................................................................................... 84 4.5 Czech Republic ............................................................................................ 86 4.6 Germany .................................................................................................... 90 4.7 Denmark .................................................................................................... 93 4.8 Estonia ...................................................................................................... 96 4.9 Greece ..................................................................................................... 100 4.10 Spain ....................................................................................................... 102 4.11 Finland ..................................................................................................... 105 4.12 France ..................................................................................................... 108 4.13 Croatia ..................................................................................................... 112 4.14 Hungary ................................................................................................... 114 4.15 Ireland ..................................................................................................... 117 4.16 Italy ........................................................................................................ 120 4.17 Lithuania .................................................................................................. 123 4.18 Luxembourg ............................................................................................. 126 4.19 Latvia ...................................................................................................... 129 4.20 Malta ....................................................................................................... 132 4.21 Netherlands .............................................................................................. 134 4.22 Poland ..................................................................................................... 137 4.23 Portugal ................................................................................................... 139 4.24 Romania .................................................................................................. 142 4.25 Sweden .................................................................................................... 145 5 4.26 Slovenia ................................................................................................... 148 4.27 Slovakia ................................................................................................... 151 4.28 United Kingdom ........................................................................................ 155 5. MAIN FINDINGS AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS ......................................................... 159 5.1 Main findings ............................................................................................ 159 5.2 Policy implications ..................................................................................... 161 ANNEX 1 LIST OF PLATFORMS INCLUDED IN THE STUDY ................................................ 163 ANNEX 2 INDICATORS DESCRIBING THE LEVEL OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE COLLABORATIVE ECONOMY ................................................................................. 177 Direct indicators ................................................................................................. 177 Indirect indicators .............................................................................................. 180 Enabling factors - Technology penetration indicators ............................................... 181 ANNEX 3 DATA COLLECTION FOR INTERNATIONAL PLATFORMS ORIGINATING OUTSIDE THE EU ............................................................................................................. 182 ANNEX 4 RESULTS OF DATA ANALYSIS ......................................................................... 185 ANNEX 5 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF METHODOLOGY ................................................... 194 Transport .......................................................................................................... 194 Accommodation .................................................................................................. 199 Calculation of revenues ....................................................................................... 199 Finance205 Online skills ....................................................................................................... 208 ANNEX 6 ASSESSMENT FRAMEWORK ........................................................................... 211 6 Study to Monitor the Economic Development of the Collaborative Economy at sector level in the 28 EU Member States GLOSSARY Collaborative economy Business models meeting all criteria simultaneously: (often also referred to as the sharing economy) Business