JOMO KENYATTA AND KENYAN INDEPENDENCE: THE TWISTS AND TURNS OF MEMORY Hélène Charton To cite this version: Hélène Charton. JOMO KENYATTA AND KENYAN INDEPENDENCE: THE TWISTS AND TURNS OF MEMORY. Vingtième siècle, Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques, 2013, 118 (2), pp.45-59. 10.3917/ving.118.0045. halshs-02431946 HAL Id: halshs-02431946 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-02431946 Submitted on 8 Jan 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Document downloaded from www.cairn-int.info - Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris 193.54.67.93 14/03/2017 16h42. © Presses Sciences Po JOMO KENYATTA AND KENYAN INDEPENDENCE: THE TWISTS AND TURNS OF MEMORY Hélène Charton Presses de Sciences Po | « Vingtième Siècle. Revue d’histoire » 2013/2 No 118 | pages 45 - 59 ISSN 0294-1759 ISBN 9782724633344 This document is a translation of: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Hélène Charton, « Jomo Kenyatta et les méandres de la mémoire de l'indépendance du Kenya », Vingtième Siècle. Revue d’histoire 2013/2 (No 118), p. 45-59. DOI 10.3917/ving.118.0045 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Translated from the French by Cadenza Academic Translations Available online at : -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- http://www.cairn-int.info/article-E_VING_118_0045--jomo-kenyatta-and-kenyan- independence.htm -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- How to cite this article : -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Hélène Charton, « Jomo Kenyatta et les méandres de la mémoire de l'indépendance du Kenya », Vingtième Siècle. Revue d’histoire 2013/2 (No 118), p. 45-59. 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Document downloaded from www.cairn-int.info - Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris 193.54.67.93 14/03/2017 16h42. © Presses Sciences Po Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org) Jomo Kenyatta and Kenyan Document downloaded from www.cairn-int.info - Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris 193.54.67.93 14/03/2017 16h42. © Presses Sciences Po Independence: the Twists and Turns of Memory Hélène Charton The process of democratization, palpable Symbolically speaking, the replacement in numerous African countries since the of Kenyatta Day by Mashujaa Day marks the 1990s, led to political change in Kenya in pluralization of the memory of the struggle 2008. The regime, based on a new Con- for independence, a struggle that was no lon- stitution adopted in 2010, has renamed ger represented by a single person, a national- the national day “Heroes’ Day” instead of ist hero and Father of the Nation, but by the “Kenyatta Day.” A return to the creation dozens of individuals who had, in various ways, of the figure of Jomo Kenyatta as a hero participated in the creation of Kenya. The of independence and Father of the Kenyan various interpretations of a single historical Nation during the 1950s and ‘60s shows event exemplify the process behind the crea- the development of an official narrative tion of a national imagination, one which is concerning the foundation of the Kenyan inseparable from the country’s political his- nation, and the legitimization of a govern- tory; the former (with its myths and allegories) ment that came about as a result of Kenyan serving precisely to legitimize the latter. In the Independence in 1964. This return eluci- case of Kenya, the creation of a political myth dates the impact and political significance centered round the figure of Kenyatta, with its of the fact that the expression of competing roots in the nationalist struggle against colo- memories is no longer suppressed, as it has nial power, served to legitimize a regime that been in the past. had outlived its founder before being swept away by political change at the start of the On October 20, 2010, Kenya officially cele- 21st century. brated Heroes’ Day (Mashujaa Day) for the first Firstly, we will show how, after the advent of time. Ever since 1964, this day had been dedi- the Republic of Kenya on December 12, 1964,1 cated to, and named after, Kenyatta in memory the country’s memory was closely bound up of the arrest of the nationalist leader in 1952 with that of its founding father. The national after the colonial government had declared imagination was effectively centered round a state of emergency. At the time when the the figure of Jomo Kenyatta, whose very name republic was beginning to emerge from the symbolized the nation. Secondly, we will see political crisis and violence that followed the how the emergence of this great man as Father elections being cut short in 2007, the redefi- nition of ways in which to commemorate the (1) The Republic of Kenya was proclaimed a year after the country’s independence on December 12, 1963. Jomo country’s independence took on major politi- Kenyatta, the then prime minister was to become President cal significance. of the Republic. Document downloaded from www.cairn-int.info - Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris 193.54.67.93 14/03/2017 16h42. © Presses Sciences Po HÉLÈNE CHARTON of the Nation was rooted in a foundation story Kenyatta – the Hero of the Struggle Document downloaded from www.cairn-int.info - Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris 193.54.67.93 14/03/2017 16h42. © Presses Sciences Po in which the future president was portrayed for Independence? as the hero of the struggle for independence. Jomo Kenyatta was arrested on October 20, This founding myth functioned as a powerful 1952, as part of a vast police operation carried political instrument, legitimizing the govern- out at the time when the colonial government ment then in place and undermining any com- had declared a state of emergency in the colony peting memories. Lastly, we will broach the in order to eradicate the Mau Mau organiza- question of the revisiting of suppressed memo- tion. This diverse movement, in violent opposi- ries relating to independence that has accom- tion to the colonial order, developed rapidly in panied the process of the “refounding of the the central, predominantly Kikuyu, Kenyan nation” in progress since 2002. It is a question province and in Nairobi. Campaigns involving of challenging the founding myth and founda- oaths of allegiance to the Mau Mau cause and tion story that had prevailed up until this point the assassination of leaders or individuals close in favor of a new, more inclusive national myth, to the colonial government, and, in a more in which the figure of Kenyatta is no longer the limited fashion, the European settlers, multi- principal focus. plied from the 1950s onwards. The six leading figures of the Kenya African Union (KAU), the The Foundation Story first political association on a national scale to Jomo Kenyatta died on August 22, 1978 when be authorized after the war and whose leader he was over eighty. His contemporaries and was Jomo Kenyatta, were among the one peers marked the death of the “nation’s beloved hundred and six individuals imprisoned dur- father”1 by paying tribute to him. For Kenneth ing the crackdown known as Operation Jock Kaunda, the president of Zambia, “he was one Scott. They were tried at a show trial held at of the greatest leaders, a man and a hero in the Kapenguria between December 3, 1952 and struggle for African liberation.”2 The following April 8, 1953, and were condemned to seven appraisal made by the president of neighbor- years of imprisonment accompanied by hard ing Tanzania, Julius Nyerere, was in the same labor in the semidesert wilderness of northern 4 vein: “Without his work and his leadership, Kenya. our struggle for liberty would have been lon- Contrary to the descriptions given out by ger, harder, and more bitter. He was a source the colonial authorities, African nationalism, of inspiration to millions of Africans who had promulgated by the KAU, was far from being never seen him and kept up the spirits of all homogeneous. The “Kapenguria Six” (Jomo the devotees of liberty who had the good for- Kenyatta, Bildad Kaggia, Fred Kubai, Paul tune to meet him.”3 It was during the struggle Ngei, Achieng