CONSERVATION OF KUDIJEEN COMMUNITY FOR CULTURAL TOURISM By Nana Srithammasak A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Program of Architectural Heritage Management and Tourism (International Program) Graduate School SILPAKORN UNIVERSITY 2010 CONSERVATION OF KUDIJEEN COMMUNITY FOR CULTURAL TOURISM By Nana Srithammasak A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Program of Architectural Heritage Management and Tourism (International Program) Graduate School SILPAKORN UNIVERSITY 2010 The Graduate School, Silpakorn University has approved and accredited the Thesis title of “ Conservation of Kudijeen Community For Cultural Tourism ” submitted by Ms.Nana Srithammasak as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Architectural Heritage Management and Tourism ……...................................................................... (Assistant Professor Panjai Tantatsanawong ,Ph.D.) Dean of Graduate School ........../..................../.......... The Thesis Advisor Professor Ross James King The Thesis Examination Committee .................................................... Chairman (Professor Emeritus Trungjai Buranasomphob, Ph.D.) ............/......................../.............. .................................................... Member (Associate Professor Chaiyasit Dankittikul, D.E.D.) ............/......................../.............. .................................................... Member (Professor Ross James King) ............/......................../.............. 49056956 : MAJOR : ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE MANAGEMENT AND TOURISM KEY WORD : KUDIJEEN COMMUNITY/CONSERVATION/CULTURAL TOURISM NANA SRITHAMMASAK: CONSERVATION OF KUDIJEEN COMMUNITY FOR CULTURAL TOURISM. THESIS ADVISOR : PROF. ROSS JAMES KING. 168 pp. The conservation of a historic community can maintain traditional values and identity. Conservation procedures need to emphasized both physical and cultural significance. Tourism also contributes to the diversification of existing economic activity as it affects physical and cultural significance. Thus, tourism is now an important source for supporting the achievement of conservation. From the site survey in order to select the study area. It was found that Kudijeen community as a historic site in Thonburi is qualified and valuable for conservation and development. Then, the objective of this study is to investigate the cultural significance of Kudijeen community. The study area covers old building and a community with the original living styles in an area of 12.8 acres or 32 Rais. Historically, Kudijeen community was a community of Portuguese settlement from the Thonburi period. This community is surrounded by different ethnic and religious groups which possess their own culture. The site observation indicated the physical and cultural significance of the study area as well as its potential for tourism development. Consequently, the study has emphasized conservation for tourism. However, tourism has a number of impacts on the both the physical aspect and the life style of the community. The study proceed through the following steps. 1) The history and evolution of the community. 2) The cultural significance assessment in terms of historic value, aesthetic value, scientific value and social value including the impacts on the community from tourism. The opinions of visitors were sought on the potential and the readiness of the study area and the participation of the host population. The appropriate tourism character of the study area would seem to be cultural tourism. Finally, the researcher proposed policies for conservation and sustainable development of both physical and cultural aspects, based on architectural conservation, cultural tourism and sustainable development as follow: 1) To encourage public awareness of heritage; 2) To manage a dynamic relationship; 3) To ensure a worthwhile visitor experience; 4) To involve host and indigenous communities; 5) To provide benefits for the local community; 6) To advance a promotion program. Program of Architectural Heritage Management and Tourism Graduate School, Silpakorn University Academic Year 2010 Student's signature ........................................ Thesis Advisor's signature ........................................ c Acknowledgement This dissertation would not have been possible without the kindness of Professor Ross King, my Supervisor. I would like to express my deepest appreciation and gratitude for his valuable guidance and discussion work extended to me throughout the period of my study. I would also like to use this opportunity to thank all who had provided support and contributions to me during the preparation and the completion of this dissertation. I would like to thank Professor Emeritus Trungjai Buranasomphob who initiated the International Program Architectural Heritage Management and Tourism, Graduate School at Silpakorn University. I would like to thank all the staff of the faculty of the program and Professor Dr. William R. Chapman, Dr, Russell Staiff, Dr. Corazon Catibog-Sinha, Professor Dr. William Logan, Professor Ken Taylor, Professor Dr. Colin Long, Dr. Donald Elsmore, Dr. Chaiyasit Dankittikul and Dr. MR. Pumin Waravarn. Special thanks to the Kudijeen community dwellers and Mr. Santi Suwannasri. This dissertation could not have been completed without their supports and sharing of vital information of the community. Thanks also to my university, Rajamangala University of Technology Krungthep for giving me the good opportunity and the scholarship and to my colleagues and friends for giving me support and understanding. Many thanks to Ajarn Nopadol Sangngern, my editor and to my friends at Silpakorn University, Ajarn Tae, Ajarn A, Ajarn Bhum, Ajarn Toy, Khun Kaew, Noo Sip, Khun Noom and Noo D, for their support. Lastly, I would like to express my special thanks to my family. d Table of Contents Page Abstract………….………………………………………………………………. c Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………… d List of Figures…………………………………………………………………… g List of Tables……………………………………………………………………. k Chapter 1 Introduction……………….…………………………………………… 1 Statement of significance…………………………………………. 1 Research problems………………………………………………… 5 Objective of the study…………………………………………….. 5 Subject of inquiry………………………………………………….. 5 Method of Investigation…………………………………………… 6 The expected benefits……………………………………………… 6 Outline of the dissertation…………………………………………. 7 References…………………………………………………………. 8 2 Literature Review………………………………………………………… 9 What is tourism……………………………………………………. 9 Cultural Tourism……………………………………………………. 10 Heritage Tourism…………………………………………………… 11 Types of cultural heritage…………………………………………. 12 Cultural Significance and Significance Assessment………………. 14 The Establishment of Cultural Significance………………………. 15 Cultural Tourism Interpretation…………………………………... 18 Cultural Landscape……………………………………………..… 21 Cultural Landscapes in Thailand………………………………….. 22 The Impact of Community-based Tourism Development………… 23 Conservation for Cultural Tourism………………………………... 26 Related researches…………………………………………………. 28 References…………………………………………………………. 32 3 History and evolution of the study area………………………….…..….. 33 History and evolution of Kudijeen community………………..…… 33 Thonburi in Ayutthaya period (1350-1767)………………………... 33 Thonburi period (1767-1782)………………………………………. 36 Thonburi in the reign of Kings Rama I to III (1782-1851)………… 39 Thonburi in the reign of Kings Rama IV to VI, 1851-1925 (The modernizationera)…………………………………………... 43 Thonburi in the reign of King Rama VII to the present (1925 to the present)………………………………………….………………… 48 List of attractive places surround the Kudijeen community……… 56 References…………………………………………………..…..… 108 e 4 Cultural Heritage Assessment of the Kudijeen Community………...… 109 General information about Kudijeen community……………….… 109 The physical condition of land use…..……………………….…… 114 The environment of the Kudijeen community…..……………….... 115 Significance assessment of the cultural values of the Kudijeen community………………………………..……….……. 116 Tangible and intangible cultural heritage in Kudijeen community and its significance……………………………………………..… 117 The impacts on the community from the tourism………………… 123 Assessment of Kudijeen Community’s Cultural Landscape…….. 125 References………………………………………………..………. 133 5 Conservation Plan for Cultural Tourism………………………..… 134 Regular maintenance……………………………………………... 134 Street furniture management……………………………………… 135 Interpretation plan for Kudijeen community as living museum….. 136 Visitor Information Center……………………………………….. 136 Establishing a service area……………………………………….. 138 Establishing a local museum of the Kudijeen community……….. 139 Media……………………………………………………….….… 139 Academic activities ……………………………………….…..…. 142 Proposed travelling route in the Kudijeen community……………. 143 Proposed surrounding the Kudijeen community travelling route.…145 Conservation for Cultural Tourism……………………………...... 145 The preparedness of the Kudijeen community ………….………. 146 References………………………………………………………… 149 6 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………... 150 Appendix ……………………………………………………………………….. 152 Appendix A Questionaire on Conservation of Kudijeen Community for Cultural Tourism (English)………………………….… 153 Appendix B Questionaire on Conservation of Kudijeen Community for Cultural Tourism (Thai)………………………..………. 162 Biography……………………………………………………………………..… 168 List of Figures Figures Page 1 Portuguese settlement