6/7/2016 The Sexualization of Female Bodies: Exploring the Problem, Aftermath and Solutions Melissa K. Taylor, MS, LMFT, CEDS Outpatient Clinical Director Center for Change Norman Rockwell “Girl in the Mirror” March 6, 1954 Presentation Outline ∗ Prevalence of media messages ∗ Implications and effects of sexualized media exposure ∗ Interventions on a societal and familial level 1 6/7/2016 Healthy Sexuality Vs Sexualization ∗ Healthy Sexuality ∗ Encompasses mental health concerns as well as physical concerns ∗ Encourages intimacy ∗ Bonding between partners ∗ Shared pleasure ∗ Mutual respect/consent ∗ Safe and pleasurable experiences free of coercion, discrimination and violence WHO, 2012; APA ,2007; Satcher, 2001 Healthy Sexuality Vs Sexualization ∗ Sexualization (APA 2007 • Sexual Objectification report) ∗ Personal worth and (Frederickson & Roberts, characteristics are 1997) overlooked in favor of sexual ∗ appeal or behaviors The experience of being ∗ Narrow definition of treated as a body (or sexuality/attractiveness collection of body parts) ∗ Person is for others’ benefit, rather than a person with the valued predominantly for independent worth its use to (or ∗ Sexuality is not appropriately consumption by) others. imposed Quick Reminder This presentation isn’t about: Sex being bad Or that expressing sexuality is bad This presentation is about: Exploring the unhealthy sexualization of our culture 2 6/7/2016 Feminism Perspective ∗ Exposure to sexual media can increase education, agency, diversity, reduce shame ∗ Feminist perspective can help to lower focus on thinness and eating disorder behaviors/ideology but still shows difficulty with body dissatisfaction ∗ Feministic perspective can buffer the impact that sexualized media by providing a different lens to cultural expectations ∗ Lamb & Peterson, 2012; Strossen, 1993; Tiefer, 1995; Murnan & Smolnak, 2009 Feminism Perspective: The Other Side of The Coin ∗ Question: Does media which portrays women as “sexy” decrease women’s power? ∗ Are girls critiquing the media? Is their sexual identity authentic? ∗ Girls think “this is what boys like" ∗ Girls know how to mimic sexual media, but are confused about what sexuality entails ∗ Girls can use sexuality to fit in Why Study Sexualized Media ∗ One task of Adolescence is to develop sexual identity ∗ The TV shows they watch, video games they play, songs they listen to, books they read and websites they visit are an enormous part of their lives, offering a constant stream of messages about families, peers, relationships, gender roles, sex, violence, food, values, clothes… ∗ Kaiser Family Foundation 2010, American Academy of Pediatrics, 2015 3 6/7/2016 Breakdown of Media Usage What is out there, what content is concerning? What are we modeling? ∗ Average US woman is ∗ 1960-2002 average weight 5’3.8” & 166 lbs., and wears a size 14. for US adults has ∗ Average female model incr eased about 24 is 5’11” & 117 lbs ., and pounds and height has wears a size 2. increased 1 inch ∗ Average US male is 5’9” & 195 lbs. ∗ Average male model is 5’11”-6’2” & 120-170 lbs . ∗ Center for Disease Control, Models.com 4 6/7/2016 Attractiveness and Youth ∗ Media identifies sexuality with youth ∗ 13-20 year olds being most likely age group to be seen in sexualized attire or partially naked in films ∗ Victoria Secret runway models in lingerie with stuffed animals and toys ∗ 30% of the clothing available for pre-teen girls in major stores (Target, Kohls) are sexual in nature ∗ Push up bras, red satin lingerie-like dresses ∗ Goodin et al, 2011; APA, 2007 Attractiveness and Thinness ∗ Sexualized media is increasing in last 20 years ∗ Current body ideal is “unrealistically thin and increasingly ‘sexy’.” ∗ Increase in “surveillance” ∗ “Thin is normative and attractive” ∗ Thinness is associated with (+) qualities while obesity in the media is associated with (-) traits ∗ Preschoolers in many studies can identify that thin is (+) ∗ Murnen & Seabrook, 2012; Murnan and Smolnak, 2009 Fiji Study ∗ 1995- Intro of TV: 3% of girls reported vomiting to control weight ∗ 1998- 38 months post TV, 15% reported vomiting to control weight ∗ 50% of girls that watched TV 3 or more nights per week described themselves as “too fat” compared to non TV watchers. ∗ Becker 2004 5 6/7/2016 Television and Sex Roles ∗ 3 Canadian towns tested stereotypical gender roles and opinions with boys and girls in the 6 th to the 9 th grades ∗ These subjects were tested before/after the introduction of TV to their town ∗ Tested the impact of media exposure on gender attitude ∗ The results indicated that girls watching TV reported adopting more traditional gender roles in relationships with peers and authorities ∗ Boys who watched TV reported more stereotypical attitudes towards behaviors and jobs ∗ Kimball, 1986 TV Megyn Kelly ∗ “What does The Internet call a woman who scares Donald Trump out of a presidential debate”? a) Bitch b) Slut c) Whore d) Bimbo e) Megyn Kelly f) All of the above ∗ “It was all a jarring reminder of how hard it can be to just be a woman in the spotlight. So often, women are still judged not based on substance but rather are ranked, sorted and ridiculed because of how they look.” ∗ NPR News Release 1/29/2016 TV & First Female Solo Evening News Anchor 6 6/7/2016 Advertisement ∗ 9 % of men to 20.8% of women are depicted as sexual objects in TV commercials ∗ In magazines 40% of women are selling themselves instead of products ∗ Female models > male models in fashion and fitness magazines place in violent, submissive, sexualized positions ∗ 80% of women in ads dismembered compared to 17% of male models ∗ Sexualized advertisement decreases buying brand and remembrance of advertisement ∗ Research shows that when a product is shown to consumers in a violent or sexual way, the consumers’ intent to buy the product decreased. ∗ Lull & Bushman, 2015; APA, 2007; Bushman, 2005 Advertisement Advertisement: What’s Real/istic? 7 6/7/2016 Music ∗ Beyonce’s (Partition) Driver roll up the partition please I don't need you seeing Yoncé on her knees Took 45 minutes to get all dressed up We ain't even gonna make it to this club Now my mascara runnin', red lipstick smudged Oh he so horny, yeah he want to f*** He popped all my buttons and he ripped my blouse He Monica Luwinski'd all on my gown Movies ∗ 2012 Top 100 top grossing films ∗ Filmmaker is female, less female nudity ∗ Director is female, 10% increase in female characters ∗ Roughly 16% of directors, writers, producers are female ∗ 2012 films ∗ 28% of speaking parts are female ∗ Top grossing film, females are more likely to be fitted in sexy attire (m=7% f=31%) partially naked (m=9% f=31%) ∗ 32% increase in teenage partial nudity between 2007-2012 ∗ Smith, Choueiti, Scofield, &Peiper, 2013; APA 2007; Kelly & Smith, 2006 Top G Rated movies ∗ The G rating grossing most revenue of any rating, with most of the $ coming from video ∗ In 101 top grossing G- rated movies (1990-2004) ∗ 75% of leading characters males ∗ 83% of background characters male ∗ 72% of speaking characters male ∗ Little change in 14 years 8 6/7/2016 Geena Davis Organization: See Jane.org Sports Media ∗ 90% of photos of athletes in SI were of men ∗ Female athletes faces were covered more than performance ∗ Commentary on female sports is sexualizing towards women playing/women in audience ∗ Olympic athletes are deemed less intelligent when shown in sexually attired vs. their athletic uniforms ∗ Sexualized media of female athletes decreases interest and viewing in women’s sports ∗ Male & female athletes are in sexualized attire: ∗ Male viewers see athletes as less competent ∗ female viewers see sexualized female athletes as less competent but not males ∗ Nezlek et al., 2015; Gurung & Chrouser, 2007; APA, 2007; Fink & Kensicki, 2002; Messner, Duncan, Cooky, 2003; Scultz, 2005; Shugart, 2003 Teenage Males and Sexualized Athletes ∗ How does viewing sexualized athletes affect teen males? ∗ Teen males give a photo of a female athlete doing her sport, a sexualized picture of a female athlete, and a model ∗ Did not make sexual comments about female athlete in sport photo ∗ “this photo makes me happy because it reminds me of when the USA women won the world cup in I think 1999”. 9 6/7/2016 Teenage Males and Sexualized Athletes ∗ Made negative comments about female athletes in sexualized photos , comments were about female ideal/male gaze comments ∗ “this photograph me feel kind of sorry for her. She has to publicize something for her sponsors by displaying her body otherwise they’ll probably leave her.” 15 yr. old boy ∗ Made less sexualized comments about sexualized models then about sexualized athletes Sports Magazines Uniforms, Sexuality, Sports illustrated (ps- no thigh gaps) 10 6/7/2016 Effects on Individuals Media, Grades, and Personal Contentment Physical Health Impact ∗ Females end up placing a greater emphasis on how their bodies look rather than how its competency ∗ When girls are more focused on self-objectification, they can perform sports less effectively ∗ Watching TV, magazines, negative view of body functions ∗ menstruating, breastfeeding, sweating • Graff, Murnan, Smolak, 2012; APA, 2007; Piran & Cormier, 2005, Frederickson & Harrison, 2005; Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997 11 6/7/2016 Cognitive Impact ∗ When women dress in sexy clothes versus professional clothes they are deemed less qualified for a high status job ∗ Women in male oriented careers and subjects are seen as less attractive, and if they dress “sexy” in these fields they are seen as less intelligent • Self-objectification