NPS Fann 10-900-b (Rev. 01/2009) 0MB No. 1024-0018 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property Documentation Form This fonn is used for documenting property groups relating to one or several historic contexts. See instructions in National Register Bulletin How to Complete the Multiple Property Documentation Form (fonnerly 16B). Complete each item by entering the requested infonnation. For additional space, use continuation sheets (Fonn 10-900-a). Use a typewriter, word processor, or computer to complete all items xx New Submission ----- Amended Submission A. Name of Multiple Property Listing Camino Real in New Mexico, AD 1598-1881 B. Associated Historic Contexts 1. Geography and natural character; physical character and setting of the road 2. Exploration and settlement, invasion and war 3. Social, political and cultural significance 4. Economic and commercial significance See pp. 3-70 C. Form Prepared by name/title Thomas Merlan, Michael P. Marshall, and John Roney organization Merlan Associates LLC date May 1, 2010 street & number 1677 Cerro Gordo Road telephone (505) 983-2645 city or town _S_a_nt_a_F_e___________________ st_a_te __ N_M ____ z_.ip_co_d_e_8_7_5_0_1 __ e-mail [email protected] D. Certification As the designated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended, I hereby certify that this documentation fonn meets the National Register documentation standards and sets forth requirements for the listing of related properties consistent with the National Register criteria. This submission meets the procedural and professional requirements set forth in 36 CFR 60 and the Secretary of the Interior's Standards and Guidelines for Archeology and Historic Preservation. ~---See continuation sheet for additional comments.) I 20 Zoll Date State or Federal Agency or Tribal government I hereby certify that this multiple property documentation fonn has been approved by the National Register as a basis for evaluating related properties for listing in the National Register. Signature of the Keeper Date of Action NPS Form 10-900-b (Rev. 01/2009) OMB No. 1024-0018 Camino Real in New Mexico, AD 1598–1881 New Mexico Name of Multiple Property Listing State Table of Contents for Written Narrative Provide the following information on continuation sheets. Cite the letter and title before each section of the narrative. Assign page numbers according to the instructions for continuation sheets in National Register Bulletin How to Complete the Multiple Property Documentation Form (formerly 16B). Fill in page numbers for each section in the space below. Page Numbers E. Statement of Historic Contexts pp. 3-70 See section E, Pages 1-68 F. Associated Property Types pp. 71-84 See Section F, Pages 69-82 G. Geographical Data pp. 108 The geographic area of the Camino Real in New Mexico includes portions of Doña Ana County, Sierra County, Socorro County, Valencia County, Bernalillo County, Sandoval County, and Santa Fe County in the State of New Mexico. See Map 1 (Section J, Page 106) and maps accompanying individual nominations. H. Summary of Identification and Evaluation Methods pp. 85-86 See Section H, Page 83-84 I. Major Bibliographical References pp. 87-107 (List major written works and primary location of additional documentation: State Historic Preservation Office, other State agency, Federal agency, local government, university, or other, specifying repository.) See Section I, Pages 85-105 J. Maps pp. 108-110 1. Map of the state of New Mexico showing the sections of the Camino Real referenced in the attached National Register nominations. 2. Section of a 1779 map showing the Camino Real between Santa Fe and Fra Cristobal. 3. Section of Lt. James W. Abert and W. G. Peck’s 1846–1847 Map of the Territory of New Mexico showing the Camino Real in the area of La Bajada, Cañon de las Bocas, and Alamitos segments. Paperwork Reduction Act Statement: This information is being collected for applications to the National Register of Historic Places to nominate properties for listing or determine eligibility for listing, to list properties, and to amend existing listings. Response to this request is required to obtain a benefit in accordance with the National Historic Preservation Act, as amended (16 U.S.C.460 et seq.). Estimated Burden Statement: Public reporting burden for this form is estimated to average 18 hours per response including time for reviewing instructions, gathering and maintaining data, and completing and reviewing the form. Direct comments regarding this burden estimate or any aspect of this form to the Chief, Administrative Services Division, National Park Service, PO Box 37127, Washington, DC 20013-7127; and the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reductions Project (1024-0018), Washington, DC 20503 . 2 NPS Form 10-900-a (Rev. 8/2002) OMB No. 1024-0018 (Expires 5-31-2012) United States Department of the Interior Put Here Camino Real in New Mexico, AD 1598–1881 National Park Service Name of Multiple Property Listing New Mexico National Register of Historic Places State Continuation Sheet Section E Page 1 E. Statement of Historic Contexts Summary: This Multiple Property Documentation Form describes the oldest wagon road in North America. This road was developed by travelers, caravans, and expeditions over most of the sixteenth century, but it reached its full historical length with the passage of the Oate expedition of 1598. This colonizing expedition added a northern segment to the Camino Real so that it extended from Mexico City to the silver district of northern Chihuahua (the community of Santa Bárbara) to Ohkay Owingeh (San Juan Pueblo) in New Mexico. After 1609, when the Viceroy of New Spain ordered New Mexico Governor Pedro de Peralta to establish a new capital city, the new settlement of Santa Fe became the generally recognized terminus of the Camino. The northern segment of the Camino Real (the portion in New Mexico), which we are here proposing for listing, was established by Juan de Oate ten years before the first English colonists landed at Jamestown, Virginia. The Camino Real was the connection between Spain’s northernmost province and Mexico City, the capital of the viceroyalty of New Spain. There were various caminos reales in Spanish America. The term “camino real” means literally a royal road, but these roads were neither authorized by the king nor laid out by government officials. They were trails defined and developed over time for the use of colonists, merchants, ecclesiastics, government officials, and visitors [Jones 1999:342]. They served as primary routes for transportation, communication, and colonization. The name “Camino Real de Tierra Adentro” is used throughout the modern literature of the road. It is a designation that may have been commonly used in Mexico City and New Spain. It was intended to distinguish this road from other caminos reales [Simmons 1993:29]. Alexander von Humboldt, writing from his travels and observations in New Spain in 1803–1804, says that “los caminos más frequentados y más importantes para el comercio son . .” [here he lists the road from Mexico City to Veracruz; the road from Mexico City to Acapulco; the road from Mexico City to Guatemala, and finally the fourth] “El de Mexico a Durango y a Santa Fe de Nuevo Mexico, vulgarmente llamado el camino de tierra adentro” – that is, the roads most used and most important for commerce are . fourth, the road from Mexico City to Durango and to Santa Fe in New Mexico, popularly [or commonly] called el camino de tierra adentro” [Humboldt 1966:462]. The qualifying phrase “de tierra adentro” was likely not used in New Mexico. As Humboldt and Simmons explain, this name was used in central Mexico to refer to the far north, but it was a common, not an official, designation. Simmons has not found it in documents or correspondence [Simmons, personal communication, 2009]. In New Mexico, any place beyond New Spain’s northernmost frontier, but Mexico in particular, was referred to as “tierra afuera” [David H. Snow, personal communication, 2009]. Snow notes that his review of more than four hundred original colonial and Mexican period documents has not produced any reference to 3 NPS Form 10-900-a (Rev. 8/2002) OMB No. 1024-0018 (Expires 5-31-2012) United States Department of the Interior Put Here Camino Real in New Mexico, AD 1598–1881 National Park Service Name of Multiple Property Listing New Mexico National Register of Historic Places State Continuation Sheet Section E Page 2 “tierra adentro.” “Tierra afuera” does appear several times—for example, in a matter of inheritance in 1739, in which the deceased is said to have brought certain personal property from “tierra afuera,” most likely the interior of Mexico [Snow ibid. citing SANM II:427, Roll 7, fr. 1023-25]. It is unlikely on its face that New Mexicans would call their own homeland “tierra adentro,” a description that views New Mexico or the far north of New Spain in general, from a distance. A sixteenth-century route connecting Gijn, Leon, and Madrid was referred to as a camino real. The route through the Isthmus of Panama that linked Panama with Nombre de Dios and Portobelo was also referred to as a camino real. The pre-European roads of Peru remained in use after the arrival of the Spaniards and were sometimes called caminos reales. The relationship between prehistoric trails such as the Rio Grande Pueblo Indian Trail and the Camino Real is somewhat comparable (see below, Context 2, pp. 19–21). The designation camino real is also more broadly understood to include the maritime routes that connected Spain’s possessions in the New World and the Far East (e.g., the sea lane to Manila, in the Philippines; Comité Nacional Espaol de ICOMOS: 53). A Manila galleon (la Nao de la China) arrived at Acapulco once a year, bringing goods from the Far East, such as porcelain, some of which were then transported up the Camino Real after ca.