NOTE TO USERS This reproduction is the best copy available. _______ <8> UMI EUROPEANIZATION of green parties in the new MEMBER STATES: THE CASES OF POLAND AND THE CZECH REPUBLIC By Anna Gora A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Institute of European, Russian and Eurasian Studies Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario August, 2010 © 2010, A. 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The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriété du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protège cette thèse. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la thèse ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent être imprimés ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformément à la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privée, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont été enlevés de thesis. cette thèse. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n'y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. 14-1 Canada Abstract This thesis provides a descriptive study comparing the change, or lack thereof, in levels of Europeanization of the Czech and Polish Green parties between the 2004 and 2009 elections to the European Parliament. The aim is not to explain, but to observe the extent to which Europeanization has occurred and assess what, if anything, this can teach us more broadly about democracy in the European Union with a particular focus on the second-order nature of European elections. Organizing Europeanization into cooperative and communicative varieties reveals a deficit in the communicative Europeanization among the two parties. It is suggested that further communicative Europeanization of national political parties may be the key to overcome the second-order nature of the European Parliament elections. 11 Acknowledgements I would like to thank my supervisor, Dr. Achim Hurrelmann, for his invaluable patience, guidance and support throughout the course of this project. Additionally, I would like to thank all of the interviewees in Strasbourg, Prague, Warsaw and Lodz, who generously lent me their time and attention. This project would not have been possible without them. These interviews were made possible thanks to a generous grant from the Centre for European Studies at Carleton University. Finally, I would like to thank Jan Kubu for the time and patience he devoted in assisting with Czech to English translation. m TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ii Acknowledgements iii Table of Contents <vr '¦f- List of Tables and Figures vi List of Acronyms vii Chapter One: Introduction 1 1 . 1 Why Green Parties? 2 1 .2 Transnational Greens: Greens in the EP and the EGP 5 1.3 Research Question 14 1.4 Methodology 15 Chapter Two: Conceptualizing Europeanization 18 2.1 Europeanization as a Concept 19 2.2 Why Europeanization Occurs 21 2.3 How Can Europeanization be Observed? 26 2.4 Europeanization and Political Parties 30 2.5 Cooperative and Communicative Europeanization 35 2.6 Definitions and Analytical Criteria 36 Chapter Three: Zieloni 2004 and Elections to the European Parliament in Poland 42 3.1 The Greens in Poland: From Right to Left 43 3.2 Zieloni 2004 49 3.3 The EP Elections in Poland 55 3.4 Adaptation to the Trajectory of Europeanization 59 3.5 Attempts to Shape the Trajectory of European integration 80 3.6 Conclusion 87 Chapter Four: Strana Zelenych and Elections to the European Parliament in the Czech Republic 88 4. 1 Strana Zelenych: A Party in Three Stages 89 4.2 The EP Elections in the Czech Republic 100 4.3 Adaptation to the Trajectory of European Integration 104 4.4 Attempts to Shape the Trajectory of European Integration 123 4.5 Conclusion 125 Chapter Five: Zieloni 2004 and Strana Zelenych: Explaining Variances in Levels of Europeanization 126 5.1 Adaptation to the Trajectory of European Integration 127 5.2 Attempts to Shape the Trajectory of European Integration 133 5.3 Cooperative versus Communicative Europeanization 136 5 .4 Possible Explanations of Europeanization by National Context 138 5.5 Conclusion 143 IV Chapter Six: Conclusion 144 6.1 Significance of the National Cases 145 6.2 Second Order Elections and the Democratic Deficit 146 6.3 Conclusion 148 List of Interviews 150 Bibliography 152 Newspaper Articles Analyzed 158 V List of Tables Table 1: Green Representation in the European Parliament: 1984 to the Present ? Table 2: Criteria Identifying Europeanization in Political Parties pg Table 3: Changes in Top-Down Europeanization between (2004-2009) pg. Table 4: Changes in Bottom-Up Europeanization between (2004-2009) pg. Vl List of Acronyms CAP Common Agricultural Policy CEEC Central and Eastern European Countries CSS Ceskoslovenska Strana Socialistika (Czechoslovakian Socialist Party) CSSD Ceska Strana Sociálné Demokraticka (Czech Party of Social Democracy) DSZ Demokraticka Strana ZelenychÇThe Democratic Green Party) EFA European Free Alliance EFGP European Federation ofGreen Parties EGC European Green Coordination EGP European Green Party EU European Union EP European Parliament FE Forum Ekologiczny (Ecological Forum) GRAEL Green Alternative European Link KDU Kfesfanska a Demokraticka Unie (Christian Democratic Union) MEP Member ofEuropean Parliament ODS Obcanska Demokraticka Strana (Civic Democratic Party) PKE Polski Klub Ekologiczny (Polish Ecological Club) PD Partía Democratyczna (Polish Democratic Party) PRL Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa (Polish People's Republic) SDPL Solcialdemokracja Polska (Polish Social Democracy Party) SLD Sojusz Lewicy Democratycznej (Democratic left Alliance) CZP Unia Pracy (Workers' Union Party) vii ZS Zemëdëlska Strana (Agrarian Party) Vili CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Since the first direct elections to the European Parliament in 1979, national parties in Europe were no longer only adapting to the participation of their executives in the European Council and the Council of Ministers, but also to the need for 'Europeanized' political campaigns and organized competition in European elections. Simultaneously, there surfaced a growing interest in studying the impact of this development on the organization and emergence of party groups in the European Parliament (EP) and transnational party federations, as well its impact on national party politics. These trends towards transnationalization of political parties have not corresponded with an increased interest in elections to the EP. Among the party families to transform the most on the national and European levels have been the Greens. Existing on some level in most EU member states, whether electorally successful or still developing, the Green party family has maintained some level of transnational ideological consistency, facilitating comparative national studies between member states. There is no doubt in the value of a study of national Greens across the entirety of EU membership. However, one cannot forget the significance that the more recent development of party politics in the majority of the 2004 accession states likely has on their responses to European integration. It is only during the last twenty or so years that most of these countries have not only developed competitive party systems, but also transitioned into sovereign democratic and capitalist systems while meeting the requirements for EU membership.1 While national parties in the EUl 5 adapted to Europeanization as individual member states joined the EU, party systems in the East 1 Luciano Bardi, "EU Enlargement, European Parliament Elections and Transnational Trends in European Parties," European View Vol. 3 (2006): 18. 1 were literally born into Europeanization and shaped in part by the West during their post communist transitions. Consequently, the limited scope of this study intends to contribute to the wider body of literature on the Europeanization of national political parties by narrowing in on the unique case of parties in Poland and the Czech Republic. Focusing on a single party family in greater detail makes the analysis more manageable2 while still providing valuable insights into the effects of Europeanization on party politics in EU member states. 1.1 Why Green Parties? As mentioned above, the Greens are ideal