nr 2013;47(2) Occupational Safety and Health in Mining Anthology on the situation in 16 mining countries Ed. Kaj Elgstrand and Eva Vingård arbete och hälsa | vetenskaplig skriftserie isbn 978-91-85971-43-5 issn 0346-7821 Arbete och Hälsa Arbete och Hälsa (Work and Health) is a scientific report series published by Occupational and Environmental Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg. The series publishes scientific original work, review articles, criteria documents and dissertations. All articles are peer-reviewed. Arbete och Hälsa has a broad target group and welcomes articles in different areas. Instructions and templates for manuscript editing are available at http://www.amm.se/aoh Summaries in Swedish and English as well as the complete original texts from 1997 are also available online. Arbete och Hälsa Editorial Board: Editor-in-chief: Tor Aasen, Bergen Kjell Torén, Gothenburg Gunnar Ahlborg, Gothenburg Kristina Alexanderson, Stockholm Co-editors: Berit Bakke, Oslo Maria Albin, Lund Lars Barregård, Gothenburg Lotta Dellve, Stockholm Jens Peter Bonde, Kopenhagen Henrik Kolstad, Aarhus Jörgen Eklund, Linkoping Roger Persson, Lund Mats Hagberg, Gothenburg Kristin Svendsen, Trondheim Kari Heldal, Oslo Allan Toomingas, Stockholm Kristina Jakobsson, Lund Marianne Törner, Gothenburg Malin Josephson, Uppsala Bengt Järvholm, Umea Managing editor: Anette Kærgaard, Herning Cina Holmer, Gothenburg Ann Kryger, Kopenhagen Carola Lidén, Stockholm © University of Gothenburg & authors 2013 Svend Erik Mathiassen, Gavle Gunnar D. Nielsen, Kopenhagen Arbete och Hälsa, University of Gothenburg Catarina Nordander, Lund Torben Sigsgaard, Aarhus Printed at Kompendiet, Gothenburg Staffan Skerfving, Lund Gerd Sällsten, Gothenburg Ewa Wikström, Gothenburg Eva Vingård, Uppsala List of contents Safety and health in mining; Eva Vingård & Kaj Elgstrand............................................. 1 Photo collage..................................................................................................................... 15 Safety and health in mining in China; Dave Feickert....................................................... 23 Safety and health in mining in India; P K Sishodiya & Rahul Guha................................ 31 Safety and health in mining in Indonesia; Rachmadhi Purwana...................................... 42 Safety and health in mining in Iran; Mostafa Ghaffari..................................................... 50 Safety and health in mining in Poland; Stanisław Krzemień & Alicja Krzemień............. 59 Safety and health in mining in Spain; María Mercedes Tejedor Aibar, Marta Zimmermann Verdejo & José Ignacio Martín Fernández..................................... 67 Safety and health in mining in Sweden; Bengt Järvholm................................................. 77 Safey and health in mining in Turkey; Yücel Demiral & Alpaslan Ertürk....................... 87 Safety and health in mining in Congo (DRC); Myriam Molayi Elenge............................ 94 Safety and health in mining in South Africa; Gill Nelson & Jill Murray......................... 105 Safety and health in mining in Australia; Ian Eddington.................................................. 118 Safety and health in mining in Canada; Susan Haldane.................................................. 129 Safety and health in mining in the US; Susan M. Moore, Jeffery L. Kohler & Gregory R. Wagner.............................................. 137 Safety and health in mining in Brazil; Mario Parreiras de Faria & Tom Dwyer............ 150 Safety and health in mining in Chile; Verónica Herrera Moreno.................................... 160 Safety and health in mining in Ecuador; Raul Harari A. & Florencia Harari Freire..... 171 Technical notes.................................................................................................................. 179 Eva Vingård & Kaj Elgstrand Safety and health in mining Eva Vingård [email protected] Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Uppsala University, Ulleråkersvägen 38-40, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden Eva Vingård - MD, PhD - is a Professor at the Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine at Uppsala University. She has worked with occupational health for 30 years as a clinician, teacher and researcher. Professor Vingård’s main areas of interest are musculoskeletal disorders and work, investigating the associations between such disorders and pain and physical and psychological exposures at work. She is also involved in research on health in the public sector. This involves studying the effect of work exposures, life style factors, social factors and work satisfaction on sickness absence and return to work, and healthy workplaces. Kaj Elgstrand [email protected] Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Uppsala University, Ulleråkersvägen 38-40, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden Kaj Elgstrand was a researcher in work physiology and ergonomics in Stockholm, 1964–1968. He worked at the University of Cauca in Popayan, Colombia, 1968–1970. He was Director of the Swedish national training programmes for specialists in occupational health services and labour inspection, 1971–1988, and Director of the Nordic Institute for Advanced Training in Occupational Health in Helsinki, Finland, 1988–1992. During 1993–2007, he worked at the Swedish National Institute for Working Life as Director of international training programmes, and on international technical cooperation programmes in Poland, Central America and Southern Africa. Since 2007, he has been an occupational health consultant, first at the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, and currently at Uppsala University. 1 This anthology reviews the current situation related to safety and health in mineral mining. The situation in 16 countries is described. Of the ten most productive mining countries in the world1, eight are represented: China, USA, Australia, Canada, India, Chile, South Africa and Brazil; two are missing: Russia and Japan. In addition, there are articles from Indonesia, Iran, Congo (DRC), Poland, Spain, Sweden, Turkey and Ecuador. All five continents are represented. In 2010, these 16 countries had about 65% of the total world production of minerals.1 An additional 12 countries were approached. For most of these countries, agreements were made with possible authors, who either failed to supply manuscripts or submitted inadequate material. Besides a few external references, this introductory article is based on the information in the 16 articles. They all have the same structure: (1) Mining activities, (2) Safety and health, (3) Current needs. The reader will find, however, that the articles differ greatly in details. This may be a reflection of the situation in the countries, and/or of the authors´ interests and competencies. It makes strict comparisons between countries difficult, but hopefully it makes the reading more stimulating. 1. Mining The extraction of minerals has been going on since prehistoric time, in many parts of the world. Today, mining exists in most countries, and includes exploration for minerals, extraction of minerals, and preparation, including crushing, grinding, concentration or washing of the extracted material. Mining operations can be grouped into five major categories in terms of their respective products: coal mining, metal ore mining, non- metallic mineral mining and quarrying, oil and gas extraction, and support activities for mining. Oil and gas extraction is not considered in this anthology. Mining is a prerequisite for much industrial production: the products of mining are necessary for the production in manufacturing, construction and many other sectors. The four major mineral mining commodities that produce most revenue are coal, copper, iron ore and gold; more than 70% of the production of these four minerals come from the 16 countries represented in the anthology1. In spite of the debate on global warming, coal fires the furnaces in many industries. Coal contributes about 27% of the world total energy supply.2 The demand for coal has never been greater, and it is a major mining product in China, USA, India, Australia, Russia, Indonesia, South Africa, Germany and Poland1. Coal provides 70% of the primary energy in China and has expanded along with the increase in energy demand. According to the International Energy Agency, IEA, coal use has never stopped increasing and the forecasts indicate that, unless dramatic policy actions occur, this trend will continue in the future2. 2 In the last ten years, industrial development has accelerated in many countries, including huge countries like China and India, and this has impacts all over the world. Rising demands of minerals have resulted in booming mining activities. Mining companies have increased employment and have had excellent financial performances. What is regarded as industrial development in some countries, however, may only result in increase of primary production in other countries, the production being exported and not used for manufacturing in the mining country. The driving force for growth of the mining sector is highly dependent of continued confidence in the Chinese economic expansion. On the other hand, the more vulnerable the global economy, the greater is the demand for some mining products, like gold and silver. Mineral mining is carried out in enterprises that are very different in size and character. At one extreme of the spectrum there are the big multinationals that have tens or hundreds