Issues and Lessons Learned from the Great East Japan Earthquake Shigenobu KAWASAKI • Director for Road Engineering Analysis, National Highway and Risk Management Division • Road Bureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism of Japan • [email protected] •Thank you for your introduction. •My name is [Shigenobu] KAWASAKI from (the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport, and Tourism of) Japan. •First, on behalf of the Japanese government, I would like to express our deepest appreciation for the sympathy and warm support generously given by more than 160 countries, 40 international organizations, a large number of non‐governmental organizations [NGOs], and people around the world after the Great East Japan Earthquake. •Today, I would like to present the damages, recovery, issues and lessons learned from the Earthquake. 1 Contents of Today’s Presentation 1. Overview of the Earthquake and Tsunami 2. Damages on Roads: Lessons Leaned from the Past 3. Recovery of Roads: Emergency Recovery for Affected Area 4. Issues in Road Infrastructure: For the “Next” Great Earthquake •Here are the contents of today’s presentation. •First, I will talk about the Overview of the Earthquake and Tsunami. •Second, Damages on Roads. Then, Recovery of Roads, and Issues in Road Infrastructure at the end. 2 1. Overview of the Earthquake and Tsunami By Touhoku Construction Association •First, I am going to talk about the overview of the Earthquake and Tsunami. 3 Overview of the Earthquake • “The Great East Japan Earthquake” occurred at 14:46 on March 11, 2011. • This was the 4th largest earthquake in the world since 1900. Date Magnitude Rank Location (Japan Time) (Mw) 1 May 23, 1960 Chile 9.5 2 Mar 28, 1964 The Gulf of Alaska 9.2 Western coast of 3 Dec 26, 2004 9.1 Sumatra, Indonesia 4 Nov 5, 1952 The Kamchatka 9.0 Tohoku area off Mar 11, 2011 the Pacific Coast 9.0 •The Great East Japan Earthquake occurred at 14:46 [2:46 PM] on March 11[, 2011]. •The epicenter was off the coast of the Eastern Japan in the Pacific, and the magnitude was 9.0. •This was the fourth largest in the last 100 years after the Chile earthquake in 1960 and Sumatra in 2004. 4 Mechanism of Earthquake • This earthquake is categorized as an “interplate” earthquake. 北米プレNorth American ート Plate ユーラシアプレートEurasia Plate h c n e溝 r T n 海 a p a 本 J 日 h rougフ kaトi T ラ 南Nan海 太平洋プレPacific Plate ート フィPhilippine リ ピン海プレ Sea Plate ート •This earthquake is categorized as an “interplate” earthquake. •Interplate earthquakes occur when one of colliding plates rebounds from accumulated stress. •As you can see in this figure, four different plates meet around Japan, causing frequent large‐scale earthquakes. 5 Mechanism of Interplate Earthquake • Earthquakes and tsunamis occur when accumulated stress of a plate bounces back. • Probability of this earthquake in 30 years was 99%. Conti- Conti- Generate津波の nental 陸側のnental 陸側のplate tsunami発生 プレートplate trench海溝 プレ ートStress accumu- 歪の蓄積late 陸側のConti- Bounce跳ね ひきずりDrag プレnental ート 海側の 上がりback 海側の plate Pacific 込みdown Pacific プレートplate プレートplate •This figure shows the mechanism of interplate earthquakes. •Earthquakes and tsunamis occur when accumulated stress of a plate bounces back. (Skip if there is not enough time) •The Japanese government scientifically estimates probabilities of large‐scale earthquakes in Japan. (Headquarters for Earthquake Research Promotion of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science & Technology) •According to the estimate, the probability of an earthquake off the coast of Miyagi‐ prefecture, which is one of the most affected areas of the earthquake, in 30 years was 99%. 6 Tsunami Generation • On the Sanriku Coast, massive tsunami was generated. • Flood height from the tsunami reached 40 meters. Legend 0 - 10m 10 - 30m Over 30m Epicenter震央(M9.0) (M9.0) Source: The 2011 Tohoku Earthquake Tsunami Joint Survey Group (http://www.coastal.jp/ttjt/) 浸水高の分布Distribution of Flood Height •This earthquake caused tsunami. •The tsunami was massive. On the Sanriku Coast in the Tohoku Region, the flood height from the tsunami almost reached 40 meters. [The word “Tohoku” means Northeastern in Japanese.] 7 Overview of Damage Human and Property Damage Number of persons killed/missing by prefecture • Killed : 15,783 persons • Missing : 4,086 persons • Injured : 5,932 persons • Total collapse :115,185 buildings • Half collapse :162,276 buildings Legend 1-99 persons (As of September 12, 2011) 100-9,999 persons 10,000 and over Source: National Police Agency This earthquake and tsunami caused damages: As of September 12th: •Over 15,000 persons died. •More than 4,000 are missing. • And, over 5,900 have been injured. Damages on Buildings are: • About 110,000 buildings were totally collapsed. •And over 160,000 were half collapsed. 8 Overview of Damage Large-scale Liquefaction • In Tokyo Capital Area, liquefaction affected at least 42km2. Sand boiling in reclaimed Sand land Boiling Tokyo Legend: Lifted Liquefaction 50cm Manhole Area Areas of Liquefaction (Tokyo Capital Area) •The earthquake caused liquefaction extensively in the Tokyo Capital Area, which is far away from the epicenter. •As far as we could confirm, the large‐scale liquefaction affected at least 42km2, particularly in the reclaimed lands and former river channels. 9 2. Damages on Roads: Lessons Leaned from the Past •Next, I will present the damages on roads caused by this earthquake. •Though this earthquake caused serious damages on roads, the lessons from the past experience had been applied to prevent further devastation. •I would like to introduce some examples. 10 Damage on Trunk Road Network • Damages were caused on roads in wide areas. • 15 expressway routes and 69 sections on the national highways were closed, mainly in Tohoku Region. Expressway National highway Closure on expressway Tokyo Closure on national highway •The earthquake caused damages on roads in wide areas. •Right after the earthquake, 15 expressway routes and 69 sections on the national highways were closed. •Numerous sections in the prefectural/municipal roads were closed, too. 11 Damage on Expressways • Embankments fell on the traffic lanes at 21 locations. • None of 1,079 expressway bridges in the stricken areas was collapsed. Length # of Sendai in Damaged # of Route Service Embamk- Damaged (km) ments Locations on Lanes Tokyo Tohoku Expwy 698 93 16 Joban Expwy 242 116 1 Other 680 137 4 Yabuki IC – Sukagawa IC 346 21 Total 1,620 (Tohoku expressway) locations locations •On the expressways, embankments fell on the traffic lanes at 21 locations. •However, among the 1,079 expressway bridges in the stricken areas, none of them was collapsed. 12 Damage on National Highways • On national highways, a lot of damages were observed (e.g. small cracks on the road surface). • None of 1,528 bridges had significant damages by earthquake (e.g. collapse). Sendai Tokyo Near Ishinomaki city (Ntn’l Hwy 45) •On the national highways, a lot of damages were observed, such as small cracks on the road surface. •Among the 1,528 [highway] bridges, five of them were washed away by the tsunami, but none of them were collapsed by the earthquake. 13 Lessons Learned from the Past Earthquakes • Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake (1995) caused significant damages (e.g. structure collapse of Hanshin Expressway). •Revising Standards •Seismic Reinforcement Damages by Jacketed columns and Hanshin-Awaji connecting Earthquake (1995) superstructures ・From the strong seismic motion of this earthquake, the peak ground accelerations of 1G (980gal) or higher were observed in various locations. Note) The resultant peak acceleration of two horizontal components of ground motions exceeded 1G at 18 locations (Japan Society of Civil Engineers Magazine). ・Bridge collapses were prevented by having revised the standards and applied seismic reinforcements based on the lessons learned from the past earthquakes. ・In the past, the Hanshin‐Awaji Earthquake in 1995 had caused significant damages, such as the expressway structure collapse. Based on this experience, seismic reinforcements of the existing bridges have been implemented as well as the seismic design standards for road bridges have been revised. ・In the Great East Japan Earthquake, the revised seismic standards functioned effectively because the impact of the medium to long‐period components of the seismic motion of this quake did not exceed the assumption of seismic design standards. ・20 of the prefectural and municipal road bridges were collapsed or closed by the severe damage because the implementations of such countermeasures had been delayed. 14 Damage by Tsunami • Tsunami flooded roughly 100 km across the national highways. • Tsunami brought massive debris (e.g. boat, building), which covered roads, towns, and agricultural fields. Sendai Tokyo Debris Wakabayashi JCT Natori IC (Sendai Tobu expressway) (Sendai Tobu expressway) •The tsunami flooded roughly 100 km across the national highways. •On the expressways, three interchanges and junctions were submerged. •The tsunami brought massive debris, which covered roads, towns, and agricultural fields. •Some local residents survived the tsunami by climbing to the expressway embankments. 15 Bridges Washed Away by Tsunami •Five nationally-administrated road bridges were washed away. Numata Koizumi Kesen bridge Bridge Bridge Mizushiri Utatsu Bridge Bridge Sendai Tokyo •Among the nationally‐administrated road bridges, five of them were washed away eve n though they survived the earthquake. •In the nearby areas, the high surges from the tsunami were reported to be as high as 15 meters. 16 Damage on Other Transport Infrastructure • Besides roads, the other modes of transport infrastructure were significantly damaged (e.g. Shinkansen, airport, port, etc.). Tohoku Shinkansen (high-speed rail) Sendai Port Sendai Airport •As well as the roads, the other modes of the transport infrastructure were also significantly damaged, such as the Shinkansen [high‐speed rail/bullet train], airports, and ports. (Skip if there is not enough time.) •A large tsunami struck Sendai Airport, and the runway was covered with debris and cars.