Isimu N NEW FRONTIERS IN IRANIAN ARCHAEOLOGY: DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURAL HERITAGE Javier hvarez- on * University of California, Berkeley SUMMARY Inspired by my recent work in Iran - were I was able to compile a digital corpus of material culture related to the ancient Iranian civilization of Elam - I stipulate and encourage archeological and museological objectives cognizant of twenty-first-century challenges. At its core, this vision is compelled by a philosophical understanding of the museum as a research and didactical institution, while critically considering the complex relationships between museums and politics, and the imperative need to merge computer literacy with a sound understanding of the material at hand. At the end it is the archaeologist, I argue, that through our privileged role as interpreters of the material past, together with afull awareness of present cultural and political realities, is uniquely positioned to advocateforfully-implemented digital museum systems which would make archaeological collections truly accessible to a global audience. KEY WORDS Digital technology, cultural heritage, National Museum of Iran. Iran-e Bastan Museum, museology, computer literacy, Elam, Elamite art, digital catalogue, Susa castle, Haji Tappeh, Tchoga Zanbil, plundering of museums, archaeological collections, British museum, Louvre museum, intellectual property. Before the Iranian Revolution in 1979, Iran was one of the most promising and prolific areas of archaeological and anthropological research anywhere in the world. It is therefore a celebratory event that, after almost twenty five years of institutional foreign archaeological inactivity, and thanks to the extraordinary leadership of a number of officials and individuals, Iran is once again welcoming foreign scholars to its soil. In 2003, under the auspices of a Fulbright-Hays scholarship' and working closely with the authorities of the National Museum of Iran and the Iranian Cultural Heritage Organization (ICHO) provincial authorities of Khuzistan, I was able to successfully compile a digital corpus of material culture2 related to the ancient Iranian civilization of The author is a doctoral candidate in ancient Near Eastern art and archaeology at the University of California, Berkeley. This paper is the result of a Fulbright-Hays research project in Iran during the months of February through May 2003. The author is most grateful for the help and warm hospitality of Mohamrnad Reza Kargar, Director of the National Museum of Iran, Shahrokh Razarnjou. Director of the Center for Achaemenid Studies, Zahra Jaffar-mohammadi, Head Curator, National Museum of Iran, Mohammed H. Talebian, director of the Iranian Cultural Heritage Organization at Haft Tappeh. Tchogha Zanbil and Persepolis, Peter Morgan, Director of the British Institute of Persian Studies. and Remi Boucharlat, Director of the Institute Fran~aisde la Recherche en Iran. 1 The projects lasted from February 21,2003 until May 21,2003. 2 All the pictures in the present catalogue were taken by the author with a Coolpix 990 digital camera, 3.34 megapixels (Nikkon). Lighting changed according to the different locations where the pictures were taken. In all cases, the author sought to balance out the natural andlor artificial light of the room with artificial light sources specifically, an Unomat DC 3000 light projector (Accu-Pack) and a Nikon SL-I digital ring projector. The background for most pictures was provided by a black piece of cloth (regularly used for a chador). I used my personal laptop computer as motherboard of the project. Given time constraints. the catalogue was originally designed to present a survey of the most representative forms and objects of Elamite culture and was not meant to include all Elamite artifacts (pots, pottery shards, clay tablets, clay figurines, etc.) reviewed by the author. The final catalogue comprises a total of 1159 digital photographs corresponding to 623 objects. New Frontiers in Iranian Archaeology: Digital Technology and Cultural Heritage Elam. In addition, I made an assessment of the collection and reported on the results to the Iranian authorities. What follows is a two-part evaluation of such a project. At the outset, I will be presenting a summary of the official report. Subsequently, I will articulate a number of observations in regards to the museological implications of this study for future archaeological research and scholarship. By intentionally focusing on museology3 - rather than on present-day excavations conducted on Iranian soil4, or on innovative scholarships - it is the purpose of this paper to stress the significance of preserving, organizing, and publishing the artifacts already present in public institutions. The goal of this exercise is to stipulate and encourage archaeological and museological objectives cognizant of twenty-first-century challenges. At its core, this vision is compelled by a philosophical understanding of the museum as a research and didactical institution, while critically considering the complex relationships between museums and politics, and the imperative need to merge computer literacy with a sound understanding of the material at hand. 1. THE ELAMITE DIGITAL CATALOGUE OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM OF IRAN Contrary to Egyptian and Mesopotamian civilizations, which predominantly developed along the margins of rivers and channels, a substantial part of the ancient Iranian civilization of Elam, which was located in the present-day Iranian provinces of Khuzistan and Fars, was centered on the Zagros ~ountains~.It is a combination of highland and lowland traditions which characterizes the personality of Elamite culture. This civilization lasted about 2000 years7 and arguably ranks with contemporaneous Near Eastern cultures of note in fascination and significance. A necessary first step in the construction of an Elamite digital catalogue required a clear understanding of the nature and context of the various locations where Elamite material remains could be expected to occur. Directly tied to this enterprise were the unique historical characteristics of recent political events in Iran and their impact upon the heritage of Elam. Two main historical events shaped the state of the Elamite collections. In 1979 the Iranian Revolution brought to all existing foreign archaeological -- - -- - - - - Museology is here defined as the study of the role and functioning of museums. For an update on excavations in Iran before 1998 see Boucharlat 1998: 143-155. A team from the University of Sydney (Australia) under the direction of D.T.Potts has been conducting archaeological research in Tule Spid (Fahlian) since 2003. A joint international team is also involved in the excavations at Jiroft (Kerman). A number of recent international archaeological congresses may be said to bear witness to a revival of ancient Iranian studies and of international cooperation. See the forthcoming publications of the 2003 Iron Age Congress in Ghent (Belgium) and the recent 2004 4ICAANE Congress in Berlin (4Ih International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East). The name we employ to identify this civilization presents us already with the multivalent personality of this cultural entity. The word Elm may be derived from Elmite Ha(l)tamti, meaning 'gracious lord land' (Hlnz 1971: 64.4). or 'high land' (Quintana 1996: 50; Vallat 1996: 89). Thus, at a basic level, and despite potential disparity in time and traditions, this terminology accords with a visual experience related to an unspecified, but broadly ubiquitous, geographical feature: the (gracious) high land. ' This estimate is in line with a 'minimalist' position (Potts 1999: 4). A more inclusive amach would incorporate the 'Elm before Elam' period (or the Proto-Elamite period), reaching all the way back to the foundation of Susa at around 4200 B.C. and will end with the emergence of the Persian empire. research projects to an end8. In the aftermath, a large body of unclassified archaeological material either reached the National Museum of Iran or was left in the museums and storage units of Haft Tappeh and Susa, located in the southwestern temtory of Iran (Khuzistan province). A second event was caused by the unforeseen invasion of Iran by Iraqi troops during the Iran-Iraq war (1981-1989). Due to the dangerous approach of Iraqi troops - and the bombing of the castle and modem city of Shush by Iraqi forces - a decision was taken to transfer many of the main items from the museums and storage units of Susa and Haft Tappeh to the Iranian National Museum in Tehran. A dramatic rescue mission made it possible for some objects to reach Tehran while other objects were left behind at Haft Tappeh or ended up being transferred to the excavation headquarters at susa9. Under these circumstances, few of the objects left behind or reaching Tehran were recorded, classified or properly sheltered. After gathering the essential permits and making acquaintances1', I was able to begin working at the National Museum of Iran at the end of February 2003. I found the Elamite material to be unevenly distributed throughout the Museum and storage areas of six departmental divisions". Given the then existing degree of documentation within each department - even in those departments that had maintained an archive, there was no catalogue of the objects in terms of their cultural origin - I decided to inspect all objects known to have originated from all locations known to have belonged to the Elamite cultural realm (not only in