FARRINGTON DANIELS, SOLAR PROPHET AND PIONEER IN THE USE OF SOLAR ENERGY AS APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY Anthony N. Stranges Department of History Texas A&M University College Station, TX 77843-4236 ABSTRACT Friendliness was another Daniels quality. Despite not being a tall man, a physical characteristic that sometimes I never had a conversation with Farrington Daniels (1889- leads a shorter person to adopt an aggressive behavior, such 1972), I wish I had. Fortunately, after working for several as an extremely firm handshake, to compensate for a lack years as archivist for the Daniels’ papers at the University of height, Daniels was always the first to extend his hand in of Wisconsin-Madison and assisting his widow, Olive Bell a friendly greeting (except when custom dictated Daniels (1891-1984) in writing his biography, I learned otherwise). He did not project himself in an aggressive enough about Daniels to comment on his life and scientific way because Daniels was not a flashy or aggressive person. career. In fact his friendliness was the quality that his colleagues found most attractive about him. Once you became his As most of you know Daniels was a founding member of friend, you were always his friend, and because he valued the Solar Energy Society and the first to propose that the friendship highly, he carried on a voluminous lifelong society publish a journal, which when volume one appeared correspondence with his graduate students, many of whom in 1957 had the title Journal of Solar Science and came from different parts of the world, and with fellow Engineering. I am therefore extremely pleased on the scientists, such as Linus Pauling and G.N. Lewis. All of his fiftieth anniversary of the society’s first meeting in Arizona correspondence is in the university’s archives and leads a to have the opportunity to speak on Daniels and thank the reasonable person to conclude that Daniels never threw organizers of the Solar History Symposium, Renate Boer away a single letter. Their sheer number made their and Cesare Silvi, for inviting me to participate. My cataloging a really formidable job. commentary on Daniels addresses three questions about his life and science: (1) who was Daniels the person and the A final quality about Daniels was his unbending scientist, (2) what was his solar research program, and (3) commitment to a just cause and his respect for scientific what is his legacy? truth which he demonstrated most clearly in the Allen Astin (1904-84) incident of 1953, the year Daniels was president of the American Chemical Society (ACS). Jesse Ritcher, a 1. WHO WAS DANIELS - THE PERSON AND THE tractor operator in Oakland, California, and his partner, had SCIENTIST? developed a battery additive ADX-2 that they claimed would prolong battery life. Astin, a physicist and longtime Daniels was an idea man, a man of many ideas. During his Bureau of Standards employee (1932-69) and since 1952 its lifetime he kept a log book in which he regularly recorded director and in charge of testing ADX-2's effectiveness, ideas for new research projects, new ideas about old showed that ADX-2 was useless. The Eisenhower research investigations, general ideas and specific ideas, but administration’s incoming secretary of commerce, Sinclair always ideas on what he planned to do next. He never Weeks (1893-1992), nevertheless, challenged the Bureau’s retired his mind despite officially retiring from the report claiming that the Bureau had not allowed the market University of Wisconsin in 1959. to decide the effectiveness of ADX-2, and consequently fired Astin. Weeks’ action marked the return of laissez- The three following research areas are most representative faire policy under Eisenhower and an acceptance of of his career: (1) chemical kinetics, particularly of the scientific fraud for a political objective. Daniels strongly nitrogen oxides (2) the applications of appropriate criticized Astin’s firing and galvanized the ACS to act. His technology, and (3) the development of alternative opposition, along with strong opposition from other energies, particularly solar energy. He was a dedicated scientists, forced Sinclair to back off and reinstate Astin teacher and had a strong commitment to improving who remained the Bureau’s director until his retirement in education in both the sciences and humanities. Daniels 1969. This largely forgotten incident is worth mentioning wrote his first book because he saw that chemistry students because it represents an earlier example of a problem that were seriously deficient in mathematical preparation, and as has re-emerged quite forcefully today, particularly with the author or co-author of two widely used physical respect to environmental pollution and genetic engineering, chemistry textbooks that went through many editions, he where the manipulating of scientific data for political was a major force in the scientific education of thousands purposes has become almost routine despite the seriousness of students. Daniels had a genuine concern for the social of the issue. implications of science and was a well known spokesman for the promotion of science, both of which he did Daniels was not a good joke or story teller, but a gaff effectively through the offices he held in scientific before 20,000 people at the University’s College of Letters organizations, such as the ACS and the National Academy and Science 1957 graduation ceremony, where he was a of Sciences. last-minute substitute for the dean, was likely the funniest story he ever told. Daniels’ assignment was to inform the sitting graduates, at the appropriate time, that they were to 2. WHY DID DANIELS UNDERTAKE SOLAR stand and then remain standing. This is what came out RESEARCH AND WHAT WAS HIS SOLAR instead: Will everyone please rise and continue to rise. The PROGRAM? class of 1957 later adopted the rise and keep on rising as its motto. Daniels’ longtime interest in the nitrogen oxides led to his pioneering work in the development of appropriate Who was Daniels the scientist? Daniels received his BS technologies, such as his development of a high- and MS degrees in chemistry from the University of temperature pebble bed furnace for the synthesis of nitric Minnesota in 1910 and 1911, respectively, and the PhD in acid. His continued interest in promoting appropriate physical chemistry from Harvard University in 1914 where technologies led to work on the design of a gas-cooled he studied under Theodore W. Richards (1868-1928), the nuclear fission reactor for peacetime energy production in second American to receive a Nobel Prize in science. the United States and in nonindustrialized countries. He Richards received the prize for his accurate determination had served as director of the Manhattan Project’s of atomic weights. Albert Michelson (1852-1931), the first Metallurgical Laboratory at the University of Chicago from American prize winner, received his award for measuring 1945 to mid-1946 and while there designed a small (5-50 the speed of light. Harvard awarded Daniels a traveling megawatt), helium gas-cooled reactor. The Manhattan scholarship for study with Fritz Haber (1868-1934) in Project awarded Daniels $3 million to construct an Berlin, but when the outbreak of World War I prevented his experimental reactor at Oak Ridge, Tennessee, but the Cold acceptance he took a position at Worcester Polytechnic War was just beginning, and in 1947, shortly after giving Institute in Massachusetts, remaining there until 1918. the go-ahead, the recently-established Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) canceled Daniels’ proposed reactor. Its With the United States’s entrance in the war, Daniels saw action, Daniels believed, effectively ended the United duty in 1918 as a first lieutenant in the Chemical Warfare State’s opportunity to construct the world’s first peacetime Service working on nitrogen fixation and the problem of atomic power plant. The Untied States wanted nuclear fogging in gas masks. From 1919 to the fall of 1920 he weapons not nuclear reactors. was at the Fixed Nitrogen Research Laboratory in Washington, DC, leaving there to join the chemistry The cancellation of the reactor project was the first event department at the University of Wisconsin in Madison. that led to Daniels’ abandoning nuclear research and to Daniels rose through the ranks at Wisconsin serving as renew his interest in the direct use of the Sun’s energy. The chairman from 1952 until his retirement in 1959. He second event that launched Daniels’s solar research continued to maintain an active research program until his program occurred in September 1948 when he discussed death from liver cancer, directing most of his later efforts to new energy sources in an invited address at the American solar research and the promotion of solar energy. Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) centennial in Washington, DC. Even before his wartime The invention and development of appropriate technology, call to Chicago, Daniels strongly believed in scientific nevertheless, remained the motivating force behind accountability and the scientists’ responsibility to explain to Daniels’ solar program and his commitment to the future of the public the actual or possible social impact of their solar energy. In a 1954 paper he pointed out that the study research. This was a significant departure from the widely of solar energy drew upon the expertise of researchers from accepted scientific code of neutrality or non-accountability several sciences, including chemistry, meteorology, and regarding the social impact of science and largely a reaction climatology, yet its development still faced formidable to the dropping of atomic bombs on Japan in August 1945. technical problems and its adoption serious social barriers. Daniels therefore welcomed the opportunity to discuss the Solar energy remained largely a neglected field of study, future of not only nuclear energy but his renewed interest in and Daniels urged solar researchers to consider five the future of solar energy.