b bb bbb bbbbon.com bbbb Basic Photography in 180 Days Book VI - Image Editor: Ramon F. aeroramon.com Contents 1 Day 1 1 1.1 Visual arts ............................................... 1 1.1.1 Education and training .................................... 1 1.1.2 Drawing ............................................ 1 1.1.3 Painting ............................................ 3 1.1.4 Printmaking .......................................... 5 1.1.5 Photography .......................................... 5 1.1.6 Filmmaking .......................................... 6 1.1.7 Computer art ......................................... 6 1.1.8 Plastic arts .......................................... 6 1.1.9 United States of America copyright definition of visual art .................. 7 1.1.10 See also ............................................ 7 1.1.11 References .......................................... 9 1.1.12 Bibliography ......................................... 9 1.1.13 External links ......................................... 10 1.2 Image ................................................. 20 1.2.1 Characteristics ........................................ 21 1.2.2 Imagery (literary term) .................................... 21 1.2.3 Moving image ......................................... 22 1.2.4 See also ............................................ 22 1.2.5 References .......................................... 23 1.2.6 External links ......................................... 23 2 Day 2 24 2.1 Digital image ............................................. 24 2.1.1 Raster ............................................. 24 2.1.2 Vector ............................................. 24 2.1.3 Image viewing ........................................ 25 2.1.4 History ............................................ 25 2.1.5 See also ............................................ 25 2.1.6 References .......................................... 26 3 Day 3 28 i ii CONTENTS 3.1 Two-dimensional space ........................................ 28 3.1.1 History ............................................ 28 3.1.2 In geometry .......................................... 28 3.1.3 In linear algebra ........................................ 31 3.1.4 In calculus ........................................... 32 3.1.5 In topology .......................................... 33 3.1.6 In graph theory ........................................ 33 3.1.7 References .......................................... 33 3.1.8 See also ............................................ 34 4 Day 4 35 4.1 Image resolution ............................................ 35 4.1.1 Resolution of digital images .................................. 35 4.1.2 Resolution in various media .................................. 38 4.1.3 See also ............................................ 39 4.1.4 References .......................................... 39 4.1.5 External links ......................................... 40 5 Day 5 41 5.1 Photograph .............................................. 41 5.1.1 History ............................................ 41 5.1.2 Types of photographs ..................................... 44 5.1.3 Preservation .......................................... 45 5.1.4 Myths and beliefs ....................................... 46 5.1.5 See also ............................................ 46 5.1.6 References .......................................... 46 5.1.7 External links ......................................... 46 6 Day 6 47 6.1 Image file formats ........................................... 47 6.1.1 Image file sizes ........................................ 47 6.1.2 Image file compression .................................... 47 6.1.3 Major graphic file formats .................................. 48 6.1.4 References .......................................... 53 7 Day 7 54 7.1 Pixel .................................................. 54 7.1.1 Etymology .......................................... 55 7.1.2 Technical ........................................... 56 7.1.3 Megapixel .......................................... 59 7.1.4 See also ............................................ 60 7.1.5 References .......................................... 61 7.1.6 External links ......................................... 62 CONTENTS iii 8 Day 8 63 8.1 Color histogram ............................................ 63 8.1.1 Overview ........................................... 63 8.1.2 Definition ........................................... 64 8.1.3 Characteristics of a color histogram ............................. 64 8.1.4 Principles of the formation of a color histogram ....................... 64 8.1.5 Examples ........................................... 64 8.1.6 Drawbacks and other approaches ............................... 66 8.1.7 Intensity histogram of continuous data ............................ 67 8.1.8 References .......................................... 68 8.1.9 External links ......................................... 69 8.2 Image histogram ............................................ 69 8.2.1 Image manipulation and histograms .............................. 70 8.2.2 See also ............................................ 70 8.2.3 References .......................................... 70 8.2.4 External links ......................................... 70 9 Day 9 71 9.1 Pixel density .............................................. 71 9.1.1 Computer displays ...................................... 71 9.1.2 Scanners and cameras .................................... 74 9.1.3 Smartphones ......................................... 74 9.1.4 Named pixel densities .................................... 74 9.1.5 Metrication .......................................... 75 9.1.6 Image file format support ................................... 75 9.1.7 See also ............................................ 75 9.1.8 References .......................................... 75 9.1.9 External links ......................................... 76 9.2 Dots per inch ............................................. 76 9.2.1 DPI measurement in printing ................................. 76 9.2.2 Computer monitor DPI standards ............................... 78 9.2.3 Proposed metrication ..................................... 81 9.2.4 See also ............................................ 81 9.2.5 References .......................................... 82 9.2.6 External links ......................................... 82 10 Day 10 83 10.1 Imaging technology .......................................... 83 10.1.1 Examples ........................................... 83 10.1.2 References .......................................... 84 10.2 Image viewer ............................................. 84 10.2.1 Features ............................................ 84 iv CONTENTS 10.2.2 Common image viewers .................................... 85 10.2.3 See also ............................................ 85 10.3 Image organizer ............................................ 85 10.3.1 Common image organizers features ............................. 86 10.3.2 Not so common, or differentiating features .......................... 86 10.3.3 Two categories of image organizers ............................. 86 10.3.4 Future of image organization ................................. 87 10.3.5 Notable image organizers ................................... 87 10.3.6 See also ............................................ 87 10.3.7 References .......................................... 87 10.3.8 Additional reading ...................................... 88 10.3.9 External links ......................................... 88 10.4 Image retrieval ............................................. 88 10.4.1 Search methods ........................................ 88 10.4.2 Data Scope .......................................... 89 10.4.3 Evaluations .......................................... 89 10.4.4 See also ............................................ 89 10.4.5 References .......................................... 89 10.4.6 External links ......................................... 90 11 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses 91 11.1 Text .................................................. 91 11.2 Images ................................................. 95 11.3 Content license ............................................ 99 Chapter 1 Day 1 1.1 Visual arts “Visuals” redirects here. For the Ukrainian media project, see Visuals (project). The visual arts are art forms such as ceramics, drawing, painting, sculpture, printmaking, design, crafts, photography, video, filmmaking, literature, and architecture. Many artistic disciplines (performing arts, conceptual art, textile arts) involve aspects of the visual arts as well as arts of other types. Also included within the visual arts[1] are the applied arts[2] such as industrial design, graphic design, fashion design, interior design and decorative art.[3] Current usage of the term “visual arts” includes fine art as well as the applied, decorative arts and crafts, but this was not always the case. Before the Arts and Crafts Movement in Britain and elsewhere at the turn of the 20th century, the term 'artist' was often restricted to a person working in the fine arts (such as painting, sculpture, or printmaking) and not the handicraft, craft, or applied art media. The distinction was emphasized by artists of the Arts and Crafts Movement, who valued vernacular art forms as much as high forms.[4] Art schools made a distinction between the fine arts and the crafts, maintaining