OXFORD IB DIPLOMA PROGRAMME 2ND EDITION GEOGRAPHY COURSE COMPANION Garrett Nagle Briony Cooke Contents Unit 1 Changing population Option A Freshwater – Drainage basins 1. Population and economic development patterns 388 1. Drainage basin hydrology and geomorphology 2 2. Changing populations and places 396 2. Flooding and flood mitigation 16 3. Challenges and opportunities 409 3. Water scarcity and water quality 28 4. Water management futures 39 Unit 2 Global climate – vulnerability Option B Oceans and coastal margins and resilience 1. The causes of global climate change 426 1. Ocean–atmosphere interactions 52 2. The consequences of global climate change 436 2. Interactions between oceans and the coastal places 65 3. Responding to climate change 451 3. Managing coastal margins 79 Unit 3 Global resource consumption 4. Ocean management futures 91 and security Option C Extreme environments 1. Global trends in consumption 469 1. The characteristics of extreme 2. Impacts of changing trends in resource environments 107 consumption 487 2. Physical processes and landscapes 116 3. Resource stewardship 504 3. Managing extreme environments 128 4. Extreme environments’ futures 143 Unit 4 Power, places and networks 1. Global interactions and global power 516 Option D Geophysical hazards 2. Global networks and flows 530 1. Geophysical systems 164 3. Human and physical influences on 2. Geophysical hazard risks 176 global interactions 552 3. Hazard risk and vulnerability 186 4. Future resilience and adaptation 196 Unit 5 Human development and diversity 1. Development opportunities 569 Option E Leisure, tourism and sport 2. Changing identities and cultures 583 1. Changing leisure patterns 213 3. Local responses to global interactions 598 2. Tourism and sport at the local and national scale 225 Unit 6 Global risks and resilience 3. Tourism and sport at the international 1. Geopolitical and economic risks 615 scale 237 2. Environmental risks 627 4. Managing tourism and sport for the 3. Local and global resilience 639 future 252 Index 648 Option F The geography of food and health 1. Measuring food and health 266 Preparing for the exam 2. Food systems and the spread of disease 285 1. Essay writing guidelines 3. Stakeholders in food and health 304 2. Internal assessment 4. Future health and food security and 3. Map skills sustainability 320 4. Glossary of key terms Option G Urban environments 5. Answers, sample exam papers and mark schemes Available on: www.oxfordsecondary. 1. The variety of urban environments 331 co.uk/9780198396031 2. Changing urban systems 349 3. Urban environmental and social stresses 360 Additional case studies are available wherever you 4. Building sustainable urban systems for the see this icon: future 374 viii OPTION A FRESHWATER – DRAINAGE BASINS Key terms This optional theme encompasses the physical geography of freshwater in a systems Drainage The area drained by a river and its framework, including core elements of basin tributaries. hydrology (and the factors and processes that Freshwater Freshwater includes rivers, lakes, give rise to bankfull discharge and flooding) wetlands, groundwater, glaciers and fluvial geomorphology (including river and ice caps. process and landform study). Hydrological A conceptual model that describes It also covers the study of water on the cycle the storage and movement of land as a scarce resource requiring careful water between the biosphere, management, including freshwater bodies atmosphere, lithosphere and the such as lakes and aquifers. This includes hydrosphere. the ways in which humans respond to the challenges of managing the quantity Watershed Also known as the drainage divide, and quality of freshwater, as well as this is the imaginary line defining the consequences (whether intended the boundary of a river or stream or unintended, positive or negative) of drainage basin separating it from management within drainage basins. the adjacent basin(s). The importance of integrated planning is Discharge The volume of water passing a emphasised, in addition to the geopolitical given point over a set time. consequences of growing pressures on Physical Lack of available water where internationally shared water resources. water water resource development is Through study of this optional theme, scarcity approaching or has exceeded students will develop their understanding of unsustainable levels; it relates processes, places, power and geographical availability to demand and implies possibilities. They will also gain understanding that arid areas are not necessarily of other concepts including systems (the water scarce. hydrological cycle), flood mitigation (attempts Economic Lack of water where water is to tackle flooding) and water security. water available locally, but not accessible scarcity for human, institutional or financial capital reasons. Key questions Storm A graph showing how a river 1. How do physical processes influence hydrograph changes over a short period, such drainage basin systems and landforms? as a day or a couple of days. 2. How do physical and human factors Flood A discharge great enough to both increase (exacerbate) and reduce cause a body of water to overflow (mitigate) flood risk for differentplaces ? its channel and submerge surrounding land. 3. What are the varying powers of different stakeholders in relation to water management issues? 4. What are the future possibilities for management intervention in drainage basins? 1 1 Drainage basin hydrology and geomorphology The drainage basin as an Conceptual understanding open system Key question A drainage basin is an area within How do physical processes influence drainage basin systems which water supplied by precipitation is and landforms? transferred to the ocean, a lake or larger stream. It includes all of the area that Key content is drained by a river and its tributaries. ● The drainage basin as an open system, with inputs Drainage basins are divided by watersheds (precipitation of varying type and intensity), outputs (also known as drainage divides) – (evaporation and transpiration), flows (infiltration, imaginary lines separating adjacent basins throughflow, overland flow and base flow) and stores (Figure A.1). The watershed is rather like (including vegetation, soil, aquifers and the cryosphere). the top of a sloping roof, dividing water into one gutter or another. ● River discharge and its relationship to stream flow (velocity) and channel shape/hydraulic radius. Some drainage basins are extremely large. Figure A.2 shows the major drainage basins ● River processes of erosion, transportation and deposition, for Africa. In contrast, very small drainage and spatial and temporal factors that influence their basins occur in small streams near the operation, including channel characteristics and seasonality. source of a river. Figure A.3 shows some ● The formation of typical river landforms including drainage basins and watersheds for streams waterfalls, floodplains, meanders, levees and deltas. in the Arthur’s Pass region of New Zealand. Some rivers drain into the sea – the Nile is a good example. Others do not reach the sea but drain into an inland depression for example. These drainage basins are called endorheic or closed drainage basins. The Okavango drainage d e basin on Figure A.2 is an example of an endorheic basin. h s r e t a Mediterranean S W ea d e h s r e t a W Tropic of Cancer Key A Drainage basin A Watershed Drainage basin B Niger Nile Key Roof Drainage basin A Gutter Watershed Drainage basin B Congo-Zaire Roof Equator Atlantic Ocean Indian The watershed is like the top of a Ocean roof – water thatGutter falls on one side of the roof flows in one direction, into one set of gutters and drains Zambezi (the drainage basin, its rivers Inland drainage B and streams). On the other House Watersheds Tropic of Capricorn side of the watershed (which is Orange A Sahara Desert 500 1,000 normally high ground), the water B Kalahari Desert km drains in a different direction. House Figure A.1: Drainage basins and watershed Figure A.2: Major drainage basins in Africa 05.03 'A' GEOG 2 05.03 'A' GEOG 1 DRAINAGE BASIN HYDROLOGY AND GEOMORPHOLOGY Figure A.3: A small drainage basin: Arthur’s Pass, New Zealand 39 Waimakariri River C 38 Anti Crow Hut 695m (6) 989 955 BB Trail Turkey at 37 1310 Birch Nook 36 B 1296 1762 1669 Activity 1 35 Jordan Stream Compare the drainage basins of the rivers at A, B and C in 1475 A 1846 Hui Spur 1545 Figure A.3. 34 78 79 80 81 82 Key (20) Hut (bunks) Native forest Tramping track Scrub Tramping route Shingle Activity 2 Tramping route, lightly marked Scree 1. Identify three stores and 0 1 2 3 4 5 three processes in the drainage basin system. km 2. Explain why drainage basins are considered to The drainage basin as an open system, including the be open systems. major flows and stores The hydrological cycle refers to the cycle of water between the Figure A.4: Drainage basin biosphere, atmosphere, lithosphere and hydrosphere. At a local scale hydrology – the drainage basin (Figure A.4) – the P P CP P cycle has a single input, precipitation T P Soil (PPT), and two major losses (outputs), E evapotranspiration (EVT) and run-off. A I Rock third output, leakage, may also occur from Aeration Zone OF the deeper subsurface to other basins. The TF Water table drainage basin system is an open system River as it allows the movement of energy and Zone of Saturation matter across its boundaries (Figure A.5). GWF Water can be stored at a number of stages Key or levels within the cycle. These stores Saturated rock and soil I Inltration OF Overland ow (very fast) include vegetation, surface, soil moisture, P Precipitation T Transpiration TF Throughow (quick) groundwater and water channels. These Water movement E Direct evaporation of GWF Groundwater ow stores are linked by a number of flows. intercepted precipitation (baseow) CP Channel precipitation (slow) 3 04.08 ‘A’ Geog 1 OPTION A FRESHWATER – DRAINAGE BASINS PRECIPITATION Channel Inputs Interception precipitation 1.