Changing Northern Ireland – Reflections in Language Usage and Change Interdisciplinary Approach on the Correlation of Language Variables with Ethnicity, Gender and Sexual Identity in Northern Ireland Von der Philosophischen Fakultät der Technischen Universität Chemnitz genehmigte Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades doctora philosophiae (Dr. phil.) vorgelegt von Michaela Rusch Magistra Artium geboren am 03.11.1982 in Zwickau Tag der Einreichung: 31.03.2017 Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Josef Schmied Prof. Dr. Klaus Stolz Tag der Verteidigung: 04.07.2017 Bibliografische Beschreibung Rusch, Michaela Titel Changing Northern Ireland – Reflections in Language Usage and Change Interdisciplinary Approach on the Correlation of Language Variables with Ethnicity, Gender and Sexual Identity in Northern Ireland Dissertation an der Philosophischen Fakultät der Technischen Universität Chemnitz, (Professur Englische Sprachwissenschaft), Dissertation, 2017 456 Seiten 40 Abbildungen 53 Tabellen ca. 38 Literaturzitate Referat Diese empirische Studie in Form einer korpusanalytischen Betrachtung zum möglichen Sprachwandel in Nordirland – im Zeitraum von 1995 bis 2009, also vor und nach dem Good Friday Agreement (eines durch Verhandlungen erreichten Friedensvertrages zwischen Katholiken und Protestanten im Jahre 1998) – versucht eine Verbindung zwischen sich ändernden semantischen und lexikalischen Einheiten und durchaus graduellem sozialen Wandel herzustellen. Die Analyse basiert auf einer qualitativen und quantitativen Evaluation thematisch ausgewählter Keywords in den Bereichen Politik, Soziales und Gesellschaft. Schlagworte Language Change, Semantic and Lexical Change, Northern Ireland, Politics, post- Troubles, Social Change, Gender, Sexual Identity Dedicated to my Granddad 12.11.1926-28.11.2016 in loving memory — Inspirational mind and soul. — Acknowledgement This study has been a massive effort over the past years, from 2008 to this year 2017. The interest in this subject was already started during my studies at home and was further developed by my studies abroad at Ulster University/ Magee Campus Derry in Northern Ireland. Besides the many hours of collecting material as well as the many occasions of rethinking and remodelling the project, there was enduring support — for which I am very thankful — from many people around me: my family, my friends, my friends from Ireland/ Northern Ireland and all those people I have just met on the way. Altogether, they helped me build up my project. Without the constant talks and discussions about how to structure and carry out the procedure, that study would not have come to the point it stands at now. On the academic level, I would like to thank Dr. John Kirk from Queen’s University Belfast, who was very important and direction giving inspiration for this work. More than once, I was given the opportunity to visit him at the Belfast campus meeting him also at conferences in Chemnitz to discuss the progress of the project. Among those shaping the outlook of this thesis deeply, Dr. Brian Lacey should also be named here, as he gave me the strongly appreciated native speaker’s feedback. I am extraordinarily grateful for his support and his suggestions. I would also like to express my gratitude to Prof. Dr. Stolz. He positively influenced my thinking towards the correlation of linguistic and political science and, by that, helped me finding a position as is reflected in my writing. However, the most important and leading person to guide me through all the years definitely has been my PhD supervisor Prof. Dr. Josef Schmied. He allowed me to find my own way and kept on changing my perspective so that I would look at the complex questions of my study repeatedly from a different angle, refocusing me so that I would find new approaches to my ideas. Michaela Rusch Chemnitz/ Zwickau March 2017 i Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...........................................................................................................................................................I LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ..................................................................................................................................................... V LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................................................................... VI LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................................................................ VIII 1. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 PURPOSE/ RATIONALE ................................................................................................................................................... 3 1.2 STRUCTURE ...................................................................................................................................................................... 6 1.3 GENERAL FRAME ........................................................................................................................................................... 7 PART A: LITERATURE, THEORETICAL BACKGROUND, DATABASE ............................................................. 9 2. SOCIO-HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES AND LATEST DEVELOPMENTS IN NORTHERN IRELAND ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 9 2.1 DEFINITION OF SOCIO-POLITICAL CHANGE (IN NORTHERN IRELAND) ........................................................... 13 2.2 SIGNS AND ISSUES OF SOCIO-POLITICAL CHANGE IN NORTHERN IRELAND ................................................. 15 2.2.1 Political Change .............................................................................................................................. 15 2.2.1.1 The Good Friday Agreement as a Stepping Stone for Change and Peace ................ 17 2.2.1.2 Nationalist Paramilitary Organisation within the Peace Process and beyond ........... 18 2.2.1.3 Policing in the Post-“Troubles” Era ............................................................................... 20 2.2.1.4 Political Parties and the New Assembly ........................................................................ 20 2.2.1.5 Northern Ireland, Europe and the USA ......................................................................... 21 2.2.2 Social Change and Gender ............................................................................................................ 22 2.2.2.1 The NIWRM – Northern Ireland Women’s Rights Movement ................................. 23 2.2.2.2 The NIWC - The Northern Ireland Women’s Coalition ............................................. 24 2.2.3 Social Change and Sexual Identity ............................................................................................... 25 2.2.3.1 The NIGRA – Northern Ireland Gay Rights Association ........................................... 26 2.2.3.2 Homosexual Law Reform in NI ..................................................................................... 27 2.2.3.3 Civil Partnership, Sports and Pride ................................................................................. 27 2.3 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................................................. 28 NOTES .................................................................................................................................................................................... 30 3. LANGUAGE CHANGE AS REFLECTION OF TRENDS IN SOCIAL CHANGE ......................................... 31 3.1 DEFINING LANGUAGE CHANGE ............................................................................................................................... 32 3.1.1 Internal and External Concepts of Language Change ................................................................ 32 3.1.1.1 Analogy and Reanalysis .................................................................................................. 32 3.1.2 Semantic and Lexical Change: Shift in Meaning and New Words .......................................... 33 3.1.2.1 Types of Semantic Change ............................................................................................. 33 3.1.2.2 Internal and External Causes of Semantic Change ....................................................... 35 3.1.2.3 Types of Lexical Change ................................................................................................. 36 3.1.2.4 Internal and External Causes of Lexical Change .......................................................... 37 3.1.3 Lexical and Semantic Change in Society ..................................................................................... 38 3.1.4 Conceptual Metaphor, Mapping and Framing ............................................................................ 39 3.2 LANGUAGE CHANGE IN THE FRAME OF NORTHERN IRELAND ......................................................................... 42 3.2.1 Adapting Semantic and Lexical Change to NI ............................................................................ 42 3.2.2 Types of Semantic Change