Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, Vol. 7, 2007 CHARACTERISTICS OF TRANSPORT BY HOUSEHOLD AND INDIVIDUAL ATTRIBUTES IN JAPANESE CITIES Atsushi NAKANO Yuichi MOHRI Director Deputy Director-General Transport Policy and Planning Research Social Systems Research Group Division Institute of Behavioral Sciences Institute of Behavioral Sciences 2-9, Ichigayahonmura-cho, Shinjuku-ku 2-9, Ichigayahonmura-cho, Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 162-0845 Japan Tokyo 162-0845 Japan Fax: +81-3-5229-8102 Fax: +81-3-5229-8081 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Mamoru TANIGUCHI Professor Faculty of Environmental Science and Technology Okayama University 1-1, Tsushima-Naka, 1-Chome, Okayama 700-8530 Japan Fax: +81- 86-251-8850 E-mail: [email protected] Abstract: In this research, we first categorized transport surveys of passenger flow in Japan and found out their situations. Large-scale transport statistic surveys have been conducted and they provide information for planning or just for statistics purposes. Next, we analyze current situations of urban transport using the results from Nationwide PT Survey, and found the following. a) The number of trips has declined in Japanese cities as the society ages. The vehicle ownership and driver’s license holders increased further. Thus, automobile use has increased overall. This could exacerbate environmental burdens in the future. b) Compared to younger age groups, the elderly use car less often and makes fewer trips. As aging progresses, the number of elderly without mobility is anticipated to increase. c) In Japanese cities, modal split varies by the size of urban area and population density. Lately, with the declining trend of population density, it may contribute significant increase in car use. Key Words: Person trip survey, Transportation statistical surveys, Travel behavior analysis 1. PURPOSE AND BACKGROUND OF RESEARCH 1.1 Background In Japan, transportation situations have been observed through large-sample statistical surveys, and these results have been used for transport planning and evaluation of transport measures. The major transport statistical survey, the Origin-Destination (OD) survey of Road Transport Census has been conducted every 5 years since 1971. The Person Trip (PT) Survey in Urban Areas has been conducted almost decennially since 1967 in major urban areas. PT Survey is conducted to households in urban areas and studies their entire travels in a given day and therefore, their modal split. It is the only statistical survey in transport which investigates relationship between attributes of modal shares and 713 Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, Vol. 7, 2007 household or individual characteristics such as car ownership or age. In Japan, methods to control car-dependency are required to decelerate global warming through analysis on car use. Therefore, it is important to analyze households or personal characteristics that have not been necessarily covered earlier. However, PT Survey lacks some observations to analyze general characteristics of urban transport. They are different survey years in different urban areas; survey conducted only on weekdays, but not weekends; not conducted in smaller urban areas. To overcome these problems, smaller-scale urban transport surveys were conducted in various cities of various sizes simultaneously, called Nationwide PT Survey. This research analyzes using data from this Nationwide PT Survey. 1.2 Purpose The purposes of this research are two fold. First, to list surveys of urban transport for passenger-flow in Japan, then, organize their conditions and characteristics, and provide useful information to other nations for their transport survey development. Next, to collect and analyze Nationwide PT Survey results, so we will find situations and characteristics of recent urban transport issues in Japan caused by growing car dependency. We also focus on the two aspects: future impacts on transport by aging society and fewer children through analysis by individual attributes, and future effects on land-use through transport analysis by characteristics of city. So far, there is little literature which organized past transport surveys based on the latest survey results, or research on transport by characteristics of household members for various Japanese cities. 1.3 Organization of Research The organization of this study is as follows: Chapter 2 discusses situations and characteristics of statistical survey of transport in Japan before the analysis in Chapter 3. Basic information of passenger-flow surveys such as purpose, area, persons surveyed, and sample rate of surveys are listed. Chapter 3 analyzes current situations of urban transport using the results from Nationwide PT Survey. Basic analysis conducted in this research is to investigate the relationship between size of city and transport, and the analysis of trend in transport. This will show the growth in motorization and difference in situations by city characteristics. Moreover, data were applied to analyze the relationships between household or individual attributes and transport, as well as housing characteristics and transport. Now Japan anticipates major transform in population composition including aging society and fewer children. Moreover, as countermeasure in given extremely aged society, guiding to compact city is being proposed. This applied research attempts to find out situations of future transport issues and needs for measures guiding future land use. 2. SITUATION OF JAPANESE TRANSPORT STATISTICAL SURVEY AND CHARACTERISTICS OF NATIONWIDE PT SURVEY 2.1 Current situations of transport survey in Japan Major transport statistical surveys to investigate traffic flow are listed in Table 1. Transport is categorized into passenger- and commodity-flows. This research focuses on passenger-flow. 714 Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, Vol. 7, 2007 Table 1 Characteristics of Transport Statistic Surveys (Passenger Flow) Inter-Urban Area Flow Intra-Urban Area Flow Passenger Corridor Road Transport City OD Urban Area PT Nationwide PT Metropolitan National Census Regional Flow Passenger Gross Census Transport Census Survey Flow Survey Develop Develop/publici City Transport City Transport City Transport Develop Purpose /publicize Road Planning Railroad Planning /publicize Statistic Statistic Data ze Statistic Data Planning Planning Planning Data Latest As necessary in Year 2005 2005 2005 city (same timing Not-periodically, as 2005 2005 2005 Surveyed as City PT) necessary in city Survey Annually Every 5 years Every 5 years Depends More often than Every 5 year Every 5 year Every 5 year Interval 10 year Area Nationwide Nationwide Nationwide Urban Areas w/ Urban Areas w/ Select cities 3 major Nationwide less than 300K over 300K around country metropolitan areas Passenger Passenger Flow Car Traffic Car Traffic Human Travel Human Travel Movement of Places of residence Objective -flow on Corridors (1day) (1day) (1day) (1day) Railroad Users and Work/Study (Annual) (1day, Annual) (1day) Commuters Air 68%, Rail Weekday 10~20％ All operators ～ ％ 2-12％ Monthly Pass Sample 90%, Car 2.7%, 2-3% Weekend 2 3 500 households ～ All households Rate work in multiple Bus 68%, Ferry *Varies by Urban *Varies by Urban /city Holder 5 6%. prefectures 48% Area Area Regular Ticket All 1 or a couple of zones in 1 Municipality Municipality Municipality Zone Divided into Small Divided into Small Split City in 2 Divided into Unit Prefecture Prefecture municipality zones Local Government Total about 6800 Zones Zones Small Zones zones nationwide Road Bureau Leading National and National and MLIT, Prefecture, City and Organi Regional Regional Ordinance-designat Regional Railroad Bureau Statistic Bureau Planning Bureau Planning Bureau Prefecture, Prefecture Development MLIT MIAC -zation Ordinance-desig ed City MLIT MLIT nated City Bureau MLIT Time* × × ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ × Week- × ○ ○ ○ × ○ × × end** * ○: Hourly traffic data available ×: Hourly data not available ** ○: Survey conducted both weekday and weekend ×: Survey only weekday 715 Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, Vol. 7, 2007 Passenger traffic surveys are classified into inter-urban area and intra-urban area based on the travel range. Both passenger- and commodity-flow surveys with large samples have been conducted regularly (i.e. annually, biennially, or so) depending on the objectives. Among passenger-flow surveys, inter-urban area surveys are Regional Passenger Flow Survey and Corridor Gross Passenger Flow Survey. The latter was combination of multiple surveys for the purpose of planning of transport modes such as air, metropolitan rail, rapid bus, and cars. The largest-scale survey among these is the Nationwide Road Transport Census for road planning. Since this is conducted nationwide simultaneously to collect large sample, it is applied to both inter- and intra-metropolitan area; inter-metropolitan area planning includes expressway and intra-metropolitan area planning includes national roads. Road Transport Census involves vehicle-flow survey to vehicle owners as well as surveys of road structure and traffic volume at key locations, and travel speed in certain sections. On the other hand, there are five intra-metropolitan area surveys besides Road Transport Census. First, Metropolitan Transport Census is for railroad planning in metropolitan areas. This is an interview survey to railroad users at stations. Second, PT Survey is conducted in metropolitan