Copyright © 2018 Joshua Caleb Hutchens All rights reserved. The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary has permission to reproduce and disseminate this document in any form by any means for purposes chosen by the Seminary, including, without limitation, preservation or instruction. PERSECUTION AND COSMIC CONFLICT IN GALATIANS __________________ A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary __________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy __________________ by Joshua Caleb Hutchens May 2018 APPROVAL SHEET PERSECUTION AND COSMIC CONFLICT IN GALATIANS Joshua Caleb Hutchens Read and Approved by: ______________________________________ Thomas R. Schreiner (Chair) ______________________________________ Robert L. Plummer ______________________________________ Jarvis J. Williams Date__________________________ To Stacy Leigh, my Bride To Mom and Dad To the churches of Jesus Christ in Malawi “If there is anything in us, it is not our own; it is a gift of God. Thus my learning is not my own; it belongs to the unlearned and is the debt I owe them.” —Martin Luther, Lectures on Galatians (1519) TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................... vi LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................. xii PREFACE ............................................................................................................ xiii Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................... 1 Thesis ..................................................................................................... 3 History of Research ................................................................................. 6 Methodology ......................................................................................... 32 Chapter Summaries ............................................................................... 33 2. COSMIC CONFLICT IN GALATIANS ...................................................... 37 The Cosmos and the Cross .................................................................... 38 The Conflict .......................................................................................... 52 Conclusion ............................................................................................ 66 3. COSMIC CONFLICT IN EARLIER SCRIPTURE ....................................... 68 Genesis ................................................................................................. 71 Book Five of the Psalms ......................................................................... 77 Isaiah 40–66 .......................................................................................... 85 Habakkuk .............................................................................................. 93 Conclusion ............................................................................................ 98 4. COSMIC CONFLICT IN EARLY JUDAISM ............................................. 102 iv Chapter Page Examples of Cosmic Conflict in the Apocalyptic Genre ......................... 103 Examples of Cosmic Conflict in Other Apocryphal and Pseudepigraphal Writings ...................................................... 118 Examples of Cosmic Conflict in the Dead Sea Scrolls ............................ 129 Conclusion .......................................................................................... 139 5. PERSECUTION IN GALATIANS ............................................................. 144 Possible References to Persecution in Galatians .................................... 146 Instance 1: Paul the Persecutor (1:13, 23) ............................................. 147 Instance 2: Paul the Persecuted (3:1; 4:13, 19; 5:11; 6:17) ...................... 150 Instance 3: The Opponents as Potential Targets (6:12) ......................... 159 Instance 4: The Persecution of the Galatian Christians (3:4; 4:17–18, 29) ......................................................... 169 Conclusion .......................................................................................... 181 6. COSMIC CONFLICT MANIFESTED AS PERSECUTION IN GALATIANS ............................................................ 183 The Children of the Flesh Persecute the Children of the Spirit (Gal 4:29) ................................................... 184 Reading Other Texts in Light of Galatians 4:29 .................................... 215 Conclusion .......................................................................................... 223 7. CONCLUSION ....................................................................................... 225 Summary ............................................................................................. 225 Suggested Results of Persecution as Cosmic Conflict ............................ 228 Significance for Global Christianity Today ........................................... 230 BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................ 232 v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AB Anchor Bible ABD Anchor Bible Dictionary. Edited by David Noel Freedman. 6 vols. New York: Doubleday, 1992 ABRL Anchor Bible Reference Library AcBib Academia Biblica AGJU Arbeiten zur Geschichte des antiken Judentums und des Urchristentums ANTC Abingdon New Testament Commentaries ApOTC Apollos Old Testament Commentary ATANT Abhandlungen zur Theologie des Alten und Neuen Testaments BECNT Baker Exegetical Commentary on the New Testament BEHEH Bibliothèque de l’École des hautes études: Sciences historiques et philologiques BBR Bulletin for Biblical Research BDAG Danker, Frederick W., Walter Bauer, William F. Arndt, and F. Wilbur Gingrich. Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature. 3rd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000 BDF Blass, Friedrich, Albert Debrunner, and Robert W. Funk, A Greek Grammar of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961 BHGNT Baylor Handbook on the Greek New Testament BibInt Biblical Interpretation BJRL Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manchester BN Biblische Notizen BZ Biblische Zeitschrift BZAW Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft vi BZNW Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft CBC Cambridge Bible Commentary CBQ Catholic Biblical Quarterly CBR Currents in Biblical Research CEJL Commentaries on Early Jewish Literature ConBOT Coniectanea Biblica: Old Testament Series CSCO Corpus scriptorium christianorum orientalium CTJ Calvin Theological Journal DSD Dead Sea Discoveries EBib Etudes bibliques EJL Early Judaism and Its Literature ETL Ephemerides Theologicae Lovanienses ETR Études théologiques et religieuse EvQ Evangelical Quarterly ExAud Ex Auditu FAT Forschungen zum Alten Testament FRLANT Forschungen zur Religion und Literatur des Alten und Neuen Testaments FO Folia Orientalia FoiVie Foi et Vie FOTL Forms of Old Testament Literature GTJ Grace Theological Journal HALOT Koehler, Ludwig, Walter Baumgartner, and Johann J. Stamm. The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. Translated and edited under the supervision of Mervyn E. J. Richardson. 4 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1994–1999 HBM Hebrew Bible Monographs HBS Herders biblischen Studien HSM Harvard Semitic Monographs vii HThKAT Herders Theologischer Kommentar zum Alten Testament HThKNT Herders Theologischer Kommentar zum Neuen Testament HTR Harvard Theological Review HUCA Hebrew Union College Annual ICC International Critical Commentary IDBSup The Interpreter’s Dictionary of the Bible: Supplementary Volume. Edited by Keith Crim. Nashville: Abingdon, 1976 Int Interpretation IOS Israel Oriental Society JAAR Journal of the American Academy of Religion JBL Journal of Biblical Literature JBQ Jewish Bible Quarterly JECS Journal of Early Christian Studies JETS Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society JJS Journal of Jewish Studies JR Journal of Religion JRS Journal of Roman Studies JSHRZ Jüdische Schriften aus hellenistisch-römischer Zeit JSJ Journal for the Study of Judaism in the Persian, Hellenistic and Roman Period JSJSup Journal for the Study of Judaism in the Persian, Hellenistic and Roman Period Supplement Series JSNT Journal for the Study of the New Testament JSNTSup Journal for the Study of the New Testament Supplement Series JSOT Journal for the Study of the Old Testament JSOTSup Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Supplement Series JSP Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha JSPSup Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha Supplement Series JTC Journal for Theology and the Church viii JTI Journal of Theological Interpretation JTS Journal of Theological Studies KEK Kritisch-exegetischer Kommentar über das Neue Testament L&N Louw, Johannes P., and Eugene A. Nida, eds. Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament: Based on Semantic Domains. 2nd ed. New York: United Bible Societies, 1989 LEH Lust, Johan, Erik Eynikel, and Katrin Hauspie, eds. Greek-English Lexicon of the Septuagint. Rev. ed. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 2003 LNTS Library of New Testament Studies LS Lewis, Charleton T., and Charles Short, eds. A Latin Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon, 1879 LSJ Liddell, Henry George, Robert Scott, and Henry Stuart Jones. A Greek-English Lexicon. 9th ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1996 LSTS