NASACONTRACTOR REPORT LOAN COPY: RETURN TO AFWL (BOUL) KIRTLAND AFB. N. M. STUDY OF AIRCRAFT IN INTRAURBANTRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS LOCKHEED-CALIFORNIA COMPANY Burbank,Calif. for Ames Research Center ONALAERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION WASHINGTON, D. C. MARCH 1972 - .. TECH LIBRARY KAFB, NM 1. Report No. 2. GovernmentAccession No. 3. Recipient'sCatalog No. NASA CR-1991 4. Title and Subtitle 5. ReportDate 1 February 1972 "Study of Aircraft in Intraurban Transportation Systens" I 6. PerformingOrganization Code 7. Authorls) 8. Performing Organization Report No. E. G. Stout 10. WorkUnit No. 9. Performing Organization Name and Address Lockheed-California Company 11. Contractor Grant No. wlrbank, California NAS 2-5989 13. Typeof Report and Period Covered 2. sponsoringAgency Name andAddress Contractor Report National Aeronautics4 Space Administration 14. SponsoringAgency Code Washington, D.C. 20546 I 5. SupplementaryNotes 6. Abstract A systems analysis was conducted to define the technical economic and operational characteristics of an aircraft transportation system for short-range intracitycmtor operations. The analysis was for 1975 and 1985 in the seven county, Detroit, MichiganSTOL and area. VTOL aircraft were studied in sizes from40 to 120 passengers. The preferred vehicle for the Detroit area was the deflected slipstreamSTOL. Since the studywas parametric in nature, it is applicableto generalization, and it was concluded thata feasible intraurban air transportation system could be developedin many viable situations. 7. KeyWords (Suggested by Author(s)) 18. DistributionStatement intracity transportation mass air transit UNCUSSIFIED-UNTJMITED aeronautical missions analysis aircraft systems .. - 9. Security Classif. (of this report) 20. Security Classif. (of this page) 21. No. of Pages 22. Price' UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED- 156 3 .OO For sale by the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia22151 FOREWORD The Study of Aircraft in lntraurban Transportation Systems summarized in this report was accomplished by the Lockheed-California Company under NASA Ames Research Center Contract NAS 2-5989 from June 1970 through May 1971. The basic report consists of four volumes, CR 114340 through CR 114343, dated June 1971. The final oral presenta- tion for this contract is contained in LR 24491, Volumes 1 and 2, dated June 1971. This study was conducted by the Advanced Design Division, Science and Engineering Branch of the Lockheed-California Company under the direction of the Engineering Study Manager E. G. Stout. The principalinvestigators were P. H. Kesling, H. C. Matteson, D. E. Shewood, W. R. Tuck, Jr.,and L. A. Vaughn. E.subE%z G. STOUT d Engineering Study Manager Approved Approved D. L. Kelly,Dept. Engfneer G. L. Arnold, Acting Division Engineer Advanced Systems Design Advanced Design Science and Engineering Science and Engineering ...Ill CONTENTS I I Page ! FOREWORD ...Ill LIST OF FIGURES vii SUMMARY 1 INTRODUCTION 5 SYMBOLS 13 MARKET SCENARIO 15 Area Selection 15 Environment 16 Demand Analysis 18 Route Structure 20 System Integration 21 AIRCRAFT DESIGN 23 Design Requirements and Guidelines 23 Configuration Description 26 Characteristics Summary 33 OPERATIONAL FACTORS 39 Noise Considerations 39 Air Pol I ution 42 Communication, Navigation, Air Traffic Control 43 I CommuterportDesign/Operation 49 1 Vehicle Alternate Uses 50 1, ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 51 r .i d Approach 51 Cost Analysis Results 52 Fare Structure Basis 54 Subsidies/Grants 55 V CONTENTS (Continued) Page TOTAL SYSTEMS ANALYSIS 57 General 57 Parametric Data 57 Weight Analysis 57 Aircraft Synthesis Methodology 53 Optimization Analysis (Fixed-Wing Aircraft) 59 Aircraft Concepts Selection 60 Sensitivity Analysis 62 Frequency of Service 63 Toto I System Synthesis 64 TOTAL SYSTEM EVALUATION AND SELECTION 67 Phase I 67 Phase tl 67 CONCLUS [ONS 69 REFERENCES 71 vi LIST OF FIGURES Fig,ure Page 1 STUDY AREA 73 2 FAMILIES BY INCOME GROUP 74 3 FREEWAY SYSTEM 75 4 1990 TEST RAIL RAPID TRANSIT SYSTEM 76 5 A I RPORT LOCAT IONS 77 6 NETWORK EXPANSION 78 7 BLOCK FUEL, TIME BASE 79 8 INTERIOR ARRANGEMENT, 60-PASSENGER, ALLCONFIGURATIONS 80 9 FUSELAGE INTERIOR VS CAPACITY 81 10 ONLOAD/OFFLOADPATTERN TRAFFIC 82 11 1975 60-PASSENGER COMPOUND HELICOPTER VTOL GENERAL ARRANGEMENT 83 12 1975 COMPOUND HELICOPTER PROPULSION SYSTEM 84 13 1985 60-PASSENGER COMPOUND HELICOPTER VTOL AND AUTOGYRO G ENE RAL ARRANGEMENTSTOL GENERAL 85 14 PROPULSION SYSTEM AGREEMENT, 1985 HELICOPTER PNEUMATIC- ROTOR DRIVE 86 15 1985 AUTOGYRO ROTOR-SPINUP-PNEUMATIC DRIVESYSTEM 87 16 GENERAL ARRANGEMENT, 60-PASSENGER DEFLECTED-SLIPSTREAM STOL CONFIGURATION 88 17 WEIGHT BREAKDOWN, 60-PASSENGER ROTARY-WING CONFIGURATION 89 18 WEIGHT BREAKDOWN, 60-PASSENGER DEFLECTEPSLIPSTREAM STOL CONFIGURATION 90 19 SUMMARYPHASE II WEIGHT 91 20 COMPARATIVE ALL-ENGINE TAKEOFF FLIGHT PROFILES 92 21 STAGE TIME VS DISTANCE 93 22 GENERALIZED LOAD FACTOR EXCEEDANCE CURVE 94 23 COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT COMMUNITY NOISE RATING SCALES 95 vi i LIST OF FIGURES (CONTINUED) Figure Page 24 DERIVATION OF 250 FT (76M) DESIGN GOAL SPECTRUM TO PROVIDE PNL = 85 PNdB AT 2000 FT (610M) 96 25 1975 IOC COMMUTERPORT LAND ALLOCATION 97 26 TYPICAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR MICROWAVE ILS SYSTEM 98 27 CURVED APPROACH PATHS AND EQUIPMENT LOCATION FOR MICROWAVE ILS 99 28 INTRAURBAN TRANSPORT TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM 100 29 CENTRAL COMPUTER COMPLEX 101 30 INTRAURBAN COMMUTERPORT TERMINAL AND LOADING AREA 1 02 31 POTENTIAL RANGE/PAYLOAD, 60-PASSENGER 1975 AIRCRAFT 103 32 DOC FLOW DIAGRAM 104 33 TOTAL SYSTEM COST I 05 34 COSTFACTORS, PHASE I VSPHASE I1 106 35 COST ELEMENTS 107 36 SUBSIDY/GRANT COMPARISON 109 37 ASSET MODEL 110 38 WEIGHT-SIZING PRINTOUT 11 1 39 1975 CONVENTIONAL TAKEOFF AND LANDING (CTOL) - PARAMETRIC AIRCRAFT SYNTHESIS 112 40 1975 DEFLECTED-SLI PSTREAM STOL - PARAMETRIC AIRCRAFT SYNTHESIS 113 41 1985 CONVENTIONAL TAKEOFF AND LANDING (CTOL) - PARAMETRIC AIRCRAFT SYNTHESIS 114 42 1985 DEFLECTED-SLIPSTREAM STOL - PARAMETRIC AIRCRAFT SYNTHESIS 115 43 1985 AUGMENTOR-WING STOL - PARAMETRIC AIRCRAFT SYNTHESIS 116 44 EFFECT OF FIELD LENGTH AND PASSENGER CAPACITY ON THE 1975 CTOL AIRCRAFT CONCEPT 117 45 EFFECT OF FIELD LENGTH AND PASSENGER CAPACITY ON THE 1975 DEFLECTED-SLIPSTREAM STOL AIRCRAFT CONCEPT 118 46 EFFECT OF WING LOADING AND PASSENGER CAPACITY ON THE 1975 TILT-WING V/STOL AIRCRAFT CONCEPT 119 47 EFFECT OF FIELD LENGTH AND PASSENGER CAPACITY ON THE 1985 CTOL AIRCRAFT CONCEPT 120 viii LIST OF FIGURES (CONTINUED) Figure Page 48 EFFECT OF FIELD LENGTH'AND PASSENGER CAPACITY ON THE 1985 DEFLECTED-SLI PSTREAM STOL AIRCRAFT CONCEPT 121 49 EFFECT OF FIELD LENGTH AND PASSENGER CAPACITY ON THE 1985 AUGMENTOR-WING STOL AIRCRAFT CONCEPT 122 50 EFFECT OF WING LOADING AND PASSENGER CAPACITY ON THE 1985 TILT-WING V/STOL AIRCRAFT CONCEPT 1 23 51 1975 CONCEPT COMPARISON - TAKEOFF GROSS WEIGHT AND TSCVS FIELD LENGTH 124 52 1975 CONCEPT COMPARISON - TSC AND FARE VS SIZE 125 53 1985 CONCEPT COMPARISON - TAKEOFF GROSS WEIGHT AND TSCVS FIELD LENGTH 126 54 1985 CONCEPT COMPARISON - TSC AND FARE VS AIRCRAFT SIZE 127 55 TOTAL SYSTEM COST MAKEUP VS RUNWAY LENGTH 128 56 TOTAL SYSTEM COST MAKEUP VS AIRCRAFT SIZE 129 57 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS RESULTS 130 58 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS 13 1 59 CTOL AIRCRAFT SENSITIVITIES 132 60 STOL DEFLECTED-SLIPSTREAM AIRCRAFT SENSITIVITIES 133 61 STOL (AUGMENTOR-WING) AIRCRAFT SENSITIVITIES 134 62 VTOL (TILT-WING) AIRCRAFT SENSITIVITIES 135 63 PHASE I - FARE $/TRIP VS AIRCRAFT SIZE AND PAYLOAD 136 64 FLIGHTS-PER-HOUR DURING PEAK DEMAND TIME PERIOD 137 65 TOTAL SYSTEM SYNTHESIS - FLOW DIAGRAM 138 66 COMPARISON OF VTOL CONCEPTS 139 67 COMPARISON OF STOL CONCEPTS 140 68 CONCEPT SELECTION SUMMARY - PHASE I 141 69 TOTAL SYNTHESIS OF DEFLECTED-SLIPSTREAM STOL 142 70 TOTAL SYNTHESIS OF 1975 COMPOUND HELICOPTER 143 71 TOTAL SYNTHESIS OF 1985 DEFLECTED-SLIPSTREAM STOL 144 72 TOTAL SYNTHESIS OF 1985 COMPOUND HELICOPTER 145 73 TOTAL SYNTHESIS OF 1985 AUTOGYRO 146 74 FAREVS DEMAND 147 1 IX 1 SUMMARY The results of the Lockheed-California Company's work in compliance with a two- phase NASA Contract, "A Study of Aircraft in lntraurban Transportation Systems," is summarized below. The work was started in June 1970 and was completed in May 1971. This study was undertaken following cursory studies by the NASA Advanced Concepts and Missions Division which indicated a potential for application of aircraft to provide effective short-range intraurban mass transportation. Ths objectives of this study were: 0 Define the technical, economic, and operational characteristics of an aircraft transportation system for short-range intracity commuter operations 0 Assess the impact of advanced technology on the system 0 Determine the sensitivity of mission performance to changes in aircraft characteristics and system operations Identify key problem areaswhere additional researchmay result in significant improvement in short-haul aircraft transportation systems The seven-county Detroit, Michigan, Metropolitan Area, considered typical of many large metropolitan centers, was utilized as the scenario for the analysis. The Phase I study consisted of an analysis and forecast of the Detroit metropolitan market through 1985, a parametric analysis of appropriate short-haul aircraft concepts and associated ground systems, and a preliminary overall economic analysis of a simplified total system designed to evaluate the candidate vehicles and select the most promising VTOL and STOL for further detailed analysis in Phase 11. 1 The aircraft concepts evaluated in Phase I for two time frames were