Systematics of the genus Trachyphloeomimus Champion (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) with a revision of the T. championi species group Pamela J. Horsley Department of Natural Resource Sciences McGill University, Montreal August 2009 A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Science © Pamela J. 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TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables……………………………………………………………………..iv List of Figures……………………………………………………………………..v List of Appendices……………………………………………………………….vii Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………..viii Abstract…………………………………………………………………………....x Résumé……………………………………………………………………………xi 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW………………………..1 1.1 Subfamily Entiminae………………………………………………………….2 1.2 Tribe Trachyphloeini………………………………………………………….3 1.2.1 Taxonomic History………………………………………………….3 1.3 Genus Trachyphloeomimus Champion………………………………………..4 1.3.1 Taxonomic History………………………………………………….4 1.3.2 Natural History…………………………………….………………...5 1.3.3 Distribution………………………………………………………….5 1.4 Objectives……………………………………………………………………..6 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS……………………………………………………7 2.1 Material Examined…………………………………………………………….7 2.2 Specimen Preparation and Examination………………………………………7 2.3 Descriptive Format…………………………………………………………….8 2.4 Structural Terminology………………………………………………………..8 2.5 Phylogenetic Methods…………..……………………………………………..9 2.5.1 Analysis………………………………………………….…………..9 2.5.2 Outgroups……………………………………………….………….10 3.RESULTS…………………………………….………………………………….11 3.1 Taxonomic Treatment…………..…………….……………………………...11 3.1.1 Tribe Trachyphloeini Lacordaire…………………………………..11 3.1.2 Genus Trachyphloeomimus Champion...…………………..………11 ii 3.1.3 Trachyphloeomimus championi species group…………………….14 3.1.4 Key to species of the T. championi species group…..……………..15 3.1.5 Species descriptions of the T. championi group……….…………..18 T. apionus Horsley, NEW SPECIES……………………………...…18 T. arcuatibius Horsley, NEW SPECIES ..…………………………..20 T. batmobile Horsley, NEW SPECIES ………………………….….22 T. bravoensis Horsley, NEW SPECIES ………..…………………...24 T. calcaritibius Horsley, NEW SPECIES ……..….………………...26 T. carinatus Horsley, NEW SPECIES …………..………………….28 T. championi O’Brien………………….….…………….……….31 T. discus Horsley, NEW SPECIES …………….………………..….33 T. festivipenis Horsley, NEW SPECIES …………….…………..….35 T. heliconodulus Horsley, NEW SPECIES ………….….……….….38 T. jonesi Horsley, NEW SPECIES ……………………..….……..…40 T. junctus Horsley, NEW SPECIES ……………………..……….....42 T. obrieni Horsley, NEW SPECIES ……….……………..……...….44 T. popeyeus Horsley, NEW SPECIES …………………..………..…46 T. spurcus Champion……………………...……………………..49 T. undulatoides O’Brien………………………………………….52 3.2 Phylogenetic Analysis………………………………………………………..54 4. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION……………………………………………….56 REFERENCES……………………………………………….…………………….58 TABLES………………………………………………………………………...…61 FIGURES………………………………………………………………………….63 APPENDICES...………………………………………………………….………...80 iii LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Data matrix used in the phylogenetic analysis of Trachyphloeomimus species and related taxa. Box indicates the species included in the T. championi species group. iv LIST OF FIGURES FIGURES 1-6. Dorsal (left) and lateral (right) habitus of the Trachyphloeomimus championi species group: (1-2) T. apionus, female; (3-4) T. arcuatibius, male; (5- 6) T. batmobile, female. FIGURES 7-12. Dorsal (left) and lateral (right) habitus of the Trachyphloeomimus championi species group: (7-8) T. bravoensis, male; (9-10) T. calcaritibius, male; (11-12) T. carinatus, male. FIGURES 13-18. Dorsal (left) and lateral (right) habitus of the Trachyphloeomimus championi species group: (13-14) T. championi, male; (15-16) T. discus, female; (17-18) T. festivipenis, male. FIGURES 19-24. Dorsal (left) and lateral (right) habitus of the Trachyphloeomimus championi species group: (19-20) T. heliconodulus, female; (21-22) T. jonesi, female; (23-24) T. junctus, female. FIGURES 25-32. Dorsal (left) and lateral (right) habitus of the Trachyphloeomimus championi species group: (25-26) T. obrieni, male; (27-28) T. popeyeus, male; (29-30) T. spurcus, female; (31-32) T. undulatoides, female. FIGURES 33-36. Ventral (left) and lateral (right) view of the male genitalia of the Trachyphloeomimus championi species group (Scale bar measurements in parentheses): (33) T. apionus (0.2 mm); (34) T. arcuatibius (0.5 mm); (35) T. batmobile (0.54 mm); (36) T. bravoensis (0.54 mm). FIGURES 37-40 Ventral (left) and lateral (right) view of the male genitalia of the Trachyphloeomimus championi species group (Scale bar measurements in parentheses): (37) T. calcaritibius (0.38 mm); (38) T. carinatus (0.42 mm); (39) T. championi (0.52 mm); (40) T. festivipenis (0.32 mm). v FIGURES 41-43. Ventral (left) and lateral (right) view of the male genitalia of the Trachyphloeomimus championi species group (Scale bar measurements in parentheses): (41) T. jonesi (0.38 mm); (42) T. obrieni (0.38 mm); (43) T. popeyeus (0.4 mm). FIGURES 44-59. Female spermatheca of the Trachyphloeomimus championi species group: (44) T. apionus; (45) T. arcuatibius; (46) T. batmobile; (47) T. bravoensis; (48) T. calcaritibius; (49) T. carinatus; (50) T. championi; (51) T. discus; (52) T. festivipenis; (53) T. heliconodulus; (54) T. jonesi; (55) T. junctus; (56) T. obrieni; (57) T. popeyeus; (58) T. spurcus; (59) T. undulatoides. FIGURES 60-64. Pronotum (dorsal view) of females in the Trachyphloeomimus championi species group: (60) T. arcuatibius; (61) T. carinatus; (62) T. discus; (63) T. heliconodulus; (64) T. spurcus. FIGURES 65-67. Hind tibia (lateral view) of males in the Trachyphloeomimus championi species group: (65) T. calcaritibius; (66) T. festivipenis; (67) T. obrieni. FIGURE 68. Phylogenetic relationships of species of Trachyphloeomimus: Strict consensus tree of 1000 most parsimonious trees of length 368 for 34 unweighted characters. Arrows show placement of species within the T. championi species group. FIGURE 69. Phylogenetic relationships of species of Trachyphloeomimus: Strict consensus tree of 1000 most parsimonious trees of length 385 for 34 weighted characters. Arrows show placement of species within the T. championi species group. Note shift in placement of T. spurcus and T. jonesi species. vi LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix I. Checklist of the species included in the T. championi species group. Appendix II. Characters and character states used in the phylogenetic analysis of Trachyphloeomimus species and related taxa. vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to gratefully acknowledge the following people and institutions for the loan of Trachyphloeomimus specimens: Francois Génier (CMNC), Charles O'Brien (CWOB), Jorge León (ECOS), Richard Hoebeke (CUIC), Robert Jones (UAQM), Roy Danielsson (MZLU), Chris Lyal (BMNH). Without their cooperation this research could not have been completed. I would like to thank Nadine Duperre for graciously and patiently providing the male genitalia sketches. Thank you to Robert Jones, Moises Perez and Jesus Luna Cozar (Chuy) for showing me a great time in Mexico. I would also like to thank Francois Génier for teaching me the wonderful ways of Mantis and how to use it to its’ fullest potential. Your determination, enthusiasm and uncanny attention to detail have taught me how to properly take care of natural history collections. I always know that if there is a problem or a more efficient way to do something, you will find the solution to it, even if it means you have to construct it yourself. I owe Andrew Smith more than the few words I will say here. He has probably the biggest heart, as well as, the most enthusiasm for all things entomology,