Aerosol/Radiation, VNIR/NIR/TIR Imaging, Net Solar and Longwave Radiation, Meteorological Fluxes, Atmospheric Dropsonde, and Ocean T/S Microbuoy Payloads for Earth Observations using a Manta Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) T.S. Bates (UW/PMEL), R-S. Gao (ESRL/CSD), D.M. Murphy (ESRL/CSD), H.P. Telg (ESRL/CSD), S.M. Brown (LDEO), T. Dhakal (LDEO), C.J. Zappa (LDEO), and S.E. Stalin (PMEL) Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard 5 April – 7 May 2011 NOAA UAS Program Review, September 15, 2014 Coordinated Investigation of Climate-Cryosphere Interactions (CICCI) Objectives • (1) Measure the vertical distribution of BC, chemical tracer species and aerosol properties in the Svalbard region; • (2) use chemical tracer species and FLEXPART modeling to identify the sources and transport pathways of BC to the Arctic • (3) Determine the concentration of BC in snow, assess deposition processes, and the processing of BC in the snow layer; • (4) determine snow properties and measured surface albedo to investigate the effect of BC deposition on the albedo of surface snow and ice. Ny-Ålesund Longyearbyen Ny-Ålesund Manta Science Payload Measurements • Total particle number • Aerosol light absorption (black carbon) • Filter samples for post- flight chemical analysis • Temperature/RH • Aerosol size distribution (calculated scattering and single scattering albedo) Ground based comparisons of UAS sensors with commercial instruments 4000 NOAA/PMEL WCPC UAS MCPC 3000 ) c c / 1 ( 2000 N C 1000 Average particle number = 400/cc 0 4/17/11 4/19/11 4/21/11 4/23/11 4/25/11 4/27/11 4/29/11 Ground based comparisons of UAS sensors with commercial instruments 4000 NOAA/PMEL WCPC UAS MCPC 3000 ) c c / 1 ( 2000 N C 1000 0 18:00 21:00 00:00 03:00 06:00 4/28/11 4/29/11 Ground based comparisons of UAS sensors with commercial instruments 4 ) 1 - SU (Zeppelin) m 3 ISAC/CNR (Gruvebadet) M ( NOAA UAS (Gruvebadet) n o i t p r o s b 2 A t h g i L l o s o 1 r e Average A absorption = -1 0.56 Mm 0 4/6/11 4/11/11 4/16/11 4/21/11 4/26/11 5/1/11 Ground based comparisons of UAS sensors with commercial instruments 2.0 ) NOAA/PMEL (Gruvebadet) 1 - m NOAA UAS (Gruvebadet) M 1.5 ( SU (Zeppelin) n ISAC/CNR (Gruvebadet) o i t p r o s b 1.0 A t h g i L l o s 0.5 o r e A 0.0 6:00 PM 9:00 PM 12:00 AM 3:00 AM 6:00 AM 4/28/11 4/29/11 Take off from launcher and autonomous landing on runway Manta Flight Paths Kongsfjorden (yellow) Holtedahlfonna glacier (magenta) Konsvegen glacier (green) 18 Flights 38 Flight hours Typical flight plan: ascend to 2700m, descend to altitude of maximum aerosol concentration, sample at that altitude for remainder of flight. Flight 15, April 26, 2011 Flight 15, April 26, 2011 Generally there was an inversion between 1000 and 1500 meters capping the boundary layer. Zeppelin Station is below this inversion. Flight 15, April 26, 2011 The boundary layer aerosol number concentration and aerosol absorption coefficient are similar to the average values measured at Gruvebadet. Flight 15, April 26, 2011 The aerosol number concentration was generally higher aloft. This layer occasionally contained absorbing aerosol (black carbon). Conclusions from Svalbard • UAS can provide high quality vertical distributions of aerosol properties. • Aerosol transport to Ny-Ålesund occurs above the boundary layer and is not necessarily sampled by ground or mountain stations. • Regular UAS measurements could provide the vertical aerosol data needed to test climate models and satellite retrievals. Bates et al., 2013, Atmos. Meas. Technol., 6, 2115-2120. Current Research Efforts OAR seed grant and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation New Payloads: • Improved Aerosol/Radiation payload with OPC and upward looking radiometer • Improved visible and infrared imaging payload • Hyperspectral aberration-corrected imaging spectrometer • Up and downward-looking hemispheric pyrgeometers and pryanometers • Turbulent momentum, sensible and latent heat fluxes • Dropsonde-microbuoys Return to Svalbard in April 2015 Measurements • Total particle number • Aerosol light absorption (black carbon) • Aerosol size distribution (calculated scattering and single scattering albedo) • Filter samples for post-flight chemical analysis • Temperature/RH Radiometer • Radiant flux densities NOAA/PMEL & NOAA/ESRL/CSD LDEO Payloads 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 REVISIONS BASE PAYLOAD ZONE REV. DESCRIPTION DATE APPROVED 1 INITIAL RELEASE 9/12/2014 RAH D COMPUTER D UP & DOWN LOOKING PYROMETERS C C GPS DVR CAMERA CABLE B ADAPTERS B POWER SUPPLY UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED: NAME DATE DIMENSIONS ARE IN INCHES DRAWN BY RAH 9/12/2014 TOLERANCES: CHECKED BY FRACTIONAL: .1 A ANGULAR: .1 A TWO PLACE DECIMAL: .01 APPR. BY PAYLOAD ASSY WITH THREE PLACE DECIMAL: .005 PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL MATERIAL FUSELAGE - THE INFORMATION CONTAINED IN THIS DRAWING IS THE SOLE PROPERTY OF FINISH LAMONT DOHERTY EARTH OBSERVATORY. SIZE PGM. NO. REV ANY REPRODUCTION IN PART OR AS A - WHOLE WITHOUT THE WRITTEN PERMISSION OF LAMONT DOHERTY EARTH OBSERVATORY B OCP_ZAPPA_MANTA 1 IS PROHIBITED. DO NOT SCALE DRAWING SCALE: 1:2 SHEET 1 OF 6 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Improved Visible and Infrared Imaging Payload Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO) precise measurements of ice/snow/ocean surface temperatures accurate to 0.1°C. 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 IR/VISIBLE IMAGING PAYLOAD D D IR CAMERA C C BASE PAYLOAD SEE SHEET 1 B B VISIBLE CAMERA UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED: NAME DATE DIMENSIONS ARE IN INCHES DRAWN BY RAH 9/12/2014 TOLERANCES: CHECKED BY FRACTIONAL: .1 A ANGULAR: .1 A TWO PLACE DECIMAL: .01 APPR. BY PAYLOAD ASSY WITH THREE PLACE DECIMAL: .005 PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL MATERIAL FUSELAGE - THE INFORMATION CONTAINED IN THIS DRAWING IS THE SOLE PROPERTY OF FINISH LAMONT DOHERTY EARTH OBSERVATORY. SIZE PGM. NO. REV ANY REPRODUCTION IN PART OR AS A - WHOLE WITHOUT THE WRITTEN PERMISSION OF LAMONT DOHERTY EARTH OBSERVATORY B OCP_ZAPPA_MANTA 1 IS PROHIBITED. DO NOT SCALE DRAWING SCALE: 1:2 SHEET 2 OF 6 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Hyperspectral Aberration-Corrected Imaging Spectrometer Payload Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO) 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 HYPERSPECTRAL VNIR/NIR IMAGING PAYLOAD D D VNIR SENSOR C C BASE PAYLOAD SEE SHEET 1 B B DOWNWELLING VNIR SPECTROMETER NIR SENSOR UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED: NAME DATE DIMENSIONS ARE IN INCHES DRAWN BY RAH 9/12/2014 TOLERANCES: CHECKED BY FRACTIONAL: .1 A ANGULAR: .1 A TWO PLACE DECIMAL: .01 APPR. BY PAYLOAD ASSY WITH THREE PLACE DECIMAL: .005 PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL MATERIAL FUSELAGE - THE INFORMATION CONTAINED IN THIS DRAWING IS THE SOLE PROPERTY OF FINISH LAMONT DOHERTY EARTH OBSERVATORY. SIZE PGM. NO. REV ANY REPRODUCTION IN PART OR AS A - WHOLE WITHOUT THE WRITTEN PERMISSION OF LAMONT DOHERTY EARTH OBSERVATORY B OCP_ZAPPA_MANTA 1 IS PROHIBITED. DO NOT SCALE DRAWING SCALE: 1:2 SHEET 3 OF 6 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 VNIR (400-1000 nm) and NIR (900-1700 nm) spectral radiance of the upper-ocean and sea ice to determine ocean color, ice-age distributions and ice- surface type Up- and Downward-looking Hemispheric Pyrgeometer and Pyranometer Payload Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO) 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 BROADBAND RADIATION PAYLOAD D D PYRANOMETERS (DOWN-LOOKING PYRANOMETER HIDDEN BY VISIBLE CAMERA) C C BASE PAYLOAD SEE SHEET 1 B B PYRGEOMETERS VISIBLE CAMERA UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED: NAME DATE DIMENSIONS ARE IN INCHES DRAWN BY RAH 9/12/2014 TOLERANCES: CHECKED BY FRACTIONAL: .1 A ANGULAR: .1 A TWO PLACE DECIMAL: .01 APPR. BY PAYLOAD ASSY WITH THREE PLACE DECIMAL: .005 PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL MATERIAL FUSELAGE - THE INFORMATION CONTAINED IN THIS DRAWING IS THE SOLE PROPERTY OF FINISH LAMONT DOHERTY EARTH OBSERVATORY. SIZE PGM. NO. REV ANY REPRODUCTION IN PART OR AS A - WHOLE WITHOUT THE WRITTEN PERMISSION OF LAMONT DOHERTY EARTH OBSERVATORY B OCP_ZAPPA_MANTA 1 IS PROHIBITED. DO NOT SCALE DRAWING SCALE: 1:2 SHEET 5 OF 6 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Net longwave and shortwave radiation for ice-ocean albedo studies with an onboard visible camera to determine the sea ice fraction and whitecapping. Dropsonde-Microbuoys (DMB) Payload Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO) 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 DROPSONDE/MICROBUOY PAYLOAD The four DMB measure temperature, D D pressure, and relative humidity as they C C BASE PAYLOAD SEE SHEET 1 descend through the atmosphere. OnceB B DROPSONDE/MICROBUOY LAUNCHER UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED: NAME DATE DIMENSIONS ARE IN INCHES DRAWN BY RAH 9/12/2014 TOLERANCES: CHECKED BY FRACTIONAL: .1 A ANGULAR: .1 A TWO PLACE DECIMAL: .01 APPR. BY PAYLOAD ASSY WITH THREE PLACE DECIMAL: .005 PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL MATERIAL FUSELAGE - THE INFORMATION CONTAINED IN THIS DRAWING IS THE SOLE PROPERTY OF FINISH LAMONT DOHERTY EARTH OBSERVATORY. SIZE PGM. NO. REV they land on the ocean’s surface, they ANY REPRODUCTION IN PART OR AS A - WHOLE WITHOUT THE WRITTEN PERMISSION OF LAMONT DOHERTY EARTH OBSERVATORY B OCP_ZAPPA_MANTA 1 IS PROHIBITED. DO NOT SCALE DRAWING SCALE: 1:2 SHEET 6 OF 6 deploy a string of sensors that measures 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 temperature and salinity of the upper three meters of the ocean. The ocean sensors telemeter data back to the UAS on subsequent flights. The DMB can also be dropped on an ice flow to measure the rate of the ice movement. Meteorological Payload Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO) Meteorological measurements of turbulent momentum, sensible, and latent heat fluxes. Future plans • Test flights in Yakima in January 2015. • Svalbard flights in April 2015 to demonstrate performance of new payloads.