A New Way to Go The Transportation Apps and Vehicle-Sharing Tools that Are Giving More Americans the Freedom to Drive Less TRAIN TICKETS CAR SHARE CARSHARE RIDESHARE BIKESHARE BUS SCHEDULE NEXT BUS HOME ARRIVES 2 MINUTES . NE UTES... NEXT TRAIN ARRIVES 6 MINUTES... BIKESHARE 4 BLOCKS . CARSHARE 3 BLO A New Way to Go The Transportation Apps and Vehicle-Sharing Tools that Are Giving More Americans the Freedom to Drive Less U.S. PIRG Education Fund Frontier Group Tony Dutzik and Travis Madsen, Frontier Group Phineas Baxandall, Ph.D. U.S. PIRG Education Fund Fall 2013 Acknowledgments U.S. PIRG Education Fund and Frontier Group sincerely thank David Burwell, director of the energy and climate program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace; Robin Chase, founder and former CEO of Zipcar, Buzzcar and GoLoco; Amanda Eaken, deputy director of sustainable communities at the Natural Resources Defense Council; David Gold- berg, communications director at Transportation for America; Darnell Grisby, director of policy development and research at the American Public Transportation Association; Todd Litman, executive director of the Victoria Transport Policy Institute; Deron Lovaas, director of federal transportation policy at the Natural Resources Defense Council; Kirstie Pecci, staff attorney at MASSPIRG Education Fund; Susan Shaheen, co-director of the Transportation Sustainability Research Center at the University of California, Berkeley; Serena Unrein, public interest advocate at Arizona PIRG Education Fund; and Sue Zielinski, managing director of SMART (Sustainable Mobility & Accessibility Research & Transformation) at the University of Michigan for their review of drafts of this document, as well as for their insights and sugges- tions. The authors also thank Gary Shepard, Berkshire, Massachusetts RTA administrator for his insights about transit in less densely populated areas, and the many transportation industry experts and practitioners who supplied information or patiently answered our questions. The authors sincerely thank Jordan Schneider and Ben Davis of Frontier Group for their editorial support. U.S. PIRG Education Fund and Frontier Group thank the Rockefeller Foundation for making this report possible. The authors bear responsibility for any factual errors. The recommendations are those of U.S. PIRG Education Fund. The views expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of our funders or those who provided review. 2013 U.S. PIRG Education Fund. Some Rights Reserved. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives 3.0 Unported License. To view the terms of this license, visit creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0. With public debate around important issues often dominated by special interests pursuing their own narrow agendas, U.S. PIRG Education Fund offers an independent voice that works on behalf of the public interest. U.S. PIRG Education Fund, a 501(c)(3) organization, works to protect consumers and promote good government. We investigate problems, craft solutions, educate the public and offer Americans meaningful opportunities for civic participation. For more information, please visit our website at www.uspirgedfund.org. Frontier Group conducts independent research and policy analysis to support a cleaner, healthier and more democratic society. Our mission is to inject accurate information and compelling ideas into public policy debates at the local, state and federal levels. For more information about Frontier Group, please visit www.frontiergroup.org. Design: Harriet Eckstein Graphic Design Cover images: street scene, Yuri, iStockphoto.com; phone, Sunny studio - Igor Yaruta, Shutterstock.com; map & compass icon, Vladru, iStockphoto.com; travel icons, Puruan, Shutterstock.com Table of Contents Executive Summary 1 Introduction 6 America’s Technological and 8 Social Networking Revolution From Dial-Up to iPhone: America in the 2000s 8 Young Americans Have Been the First to Embrace New Technologies 9 Social Media and the Sharing Economy 10 Technology Is Changing Our Transportation Needs 11 Technology-Enabled Transportation Services: 13 What they Are and Why they Matter The Impact of Technology on Transportation Choices 13 How Technology Can Enable “Car-Free” and “Car-Light” Lifestyles 14 A Field Guide to the Transportation Technology 18 Revolution and its Impacts on Driving Carsharing 18 Bikesharing 21 Transit Apps 24 Ridesharing 29 Taxi Hailing and Transportation Network Services 30 Multi-Modal Apps 31 Policy Recommendations 34 Notes 41 Executive Summary merica is in the midst of a technologi- networking are beginning to change cal revolution … and a big shift in America’s transportation landscape. Aour transportation habits. New transportation services are providing Over the last 15 years, the Internet and people with an abundance of new options, mobile communications technologies have helping to overcome barriers to the use transformed the way Americans live and of non-driving forms of transportation, work. During that same period, growth and shifting the economics behind indi- in vehicle travel slowed and then stopped, viduals’ travel choices. Collectively, they with Americans today driving about as are also opening up the opportunity for much on average as we did in 1996. more Americans to adopt “car-free” and Both changes have taken place most “car-light” lifestyles with dramatically rapidly among young Americans, who have less driving. been the earliest and most enthusiastic adopters of new technologies, as well as America is in the midst of a techno- the new social networking tools that are logical revolution. the foundation of the emerging “sharing economy.” They have also been the group • Between 2000 and 2012, the percent- that has reduced its driving the most, with age of adults who use the Internet in- the average American between 16 and 34 creased from 46 percent to 82 percent. years of age driving a startling 23 percent The percentage of adults who own a less in 2009 than in 2001. cell phone increased from 53 percent Could these developments—the rapid to 88 percent. The share of Americans spread of mobile, Internet-connected tech- with access to high-speed Internet nologies, the emergence of social network- at home increased from 5 percent to ing, and the recent decline in driving—be more than 70 percent. And roughly related? And what does the future hold? half of Americans now own smart- Early evidence suggests that new in- phones, which did not exist in their novations in technology and social modern form in 2000. Executive Summary Figure ES-1. Market Penetration of Major Technologies in 2000 versus 20121 • These technologies are changing how unleashed a wave of new technology- Americans live and work. Participa- enabled transportation services. tion in telework and e-commerce has increased dramatically in the last • Carsharing – Classic roundtrip car- decade. Meanwhile, social networking sharing services, such as Zipcar and has helped unleash an emerging “shar- City Carshare—as well as newer one- ing economy.” way services such as car2go—enable subscribers to access cars located in • Young Americans have consistently their neighborhoods and on their col- been the first to adopt and test the lege campuses, providing participants capabilities of these new technologies with the mobility benefits of access to and practices. As of September 2012, a car without having to bear the bur- young adults were six times more like- den of owning one. As of 2012, more ly to have a smartphone than people than 800,000 Americans were mem- in their grandparents’ generation, and bers of carsharing services (sharing a twice as likely as those between 50 combined fleet of more than 12,000 and 64 years of age. vehicles). Newer peer-to-peer carshar- ing networks enable individuals to Advances in the Internet and mobile rent out their own unused vehicles to communications technologies have people looking for a car. 2 A New Way to Go • Bikesharing – Six years after the Technology-enabled transportation launch of the first modern bikesharing services have the potential to change system in the U.S., more than 30 cities Americans’ transportation behaviors. now have programs where subscribers can access bikes by the minute or by • Technology-enabled services can subscription at kiosks located on city eliminate traditional barriers that pre- streets. In just its first season, New vent Americans from taking public York City’s Citibike program enlisted transit or sharing rides and vehicles. more than 70,000 annual members, with riders traveling more than • The array of new services can make 4.5 million miles. it easier for households to reduce the number of vehicles they own—a step that • Real-time transportation informa- generally leads to steep reductions in tion – The majority of U.S. transit driving. systems now make scheduling infor- mation publicly available, enabling • Technology-enabled services can developers to produce a variety of new expand the availability of transportation smartphone apps to help riders navi- choices in places and markets where gate urban transportation systems. they are not currently available. Smartphone-based tools enable riders to find the best route for their trip, • Access to mobile technology also en- track the progress of trains and buses ables riders to use their time riding in real time, and even, in some cases, on trains or waiting for buses more pro- pay their fare. ductively. This provides