Update on Partners Group

Update on Partners Group

<p>Update on Partners Group </p><p>February 2021 </p><p><strong>Gonzalo Fernández Castro </strong>Private Equity Americas | <strong>Hal Avidano </strong>Co-Head Private Equity Integrated Investments </p><p>Americas </p><p></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">UPDATE ON PARTNERS GROUP </li><li style="flex:1">2</li></ul><p></p><p>Table of contents </p><p><a href="#2_0"><strong>1</strong></a></p><p><a href="#6_0">2</a></p><p><a href="#17_0">3</a><a href="#19_0">4</a><a href="#0_0">5</a><a href="#0_0">6</a></p><p><a href="#2_0"><strong>Overview </strong></a></p><p><a href="#6_0">Clients </a></p><p><a href="#17_0">Industry </a><a href="#19_0">Investments </a><a href="#0_0">ESG </a><a href="#0_0">Financials </a></p><p></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">OVERVIEW </li><li style="flex:1">3</li></ul><p></p><p>About us </p><p></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Dedicated to private markets </li><li style="flex:1">Leveraging strong resources </li></ul><p></p><p>•</p><p>Our <strong>AuM stands at USD 109 billion</strong>:<sup style="top: -0.31em;"><strong>1 </strong></sup>USD 52 billion in </p><p>•</p><p>We have <strong>over 1,500 employees worldwide</strong><sup style="top: -0.31em;"><strong>2 </strong></sup><strong>across 20 </strong></p><p>corporate equity &amp; USD 57 billion real assets / financing </p><p><strong>offices </strong>and over <strong>750 private markets professionals </strong></p><p>•</p><p>We leverage our <strong>database of over 36,000 private markets </strong></p><p>•</p><p><strong>Our platform, portfolio </strong>and <strong>network provide extensive </strong></p><p><strong>assets </strong>to generate attractive deal flow </p><p><strong>synergies </strong>and <strong>opportunities </strong>for owners and entrepreneurs </p><p>We have a global presence with 20 offices across key investment regions </p><p><strong>Tokyo Seoul </strong><br><strong>Shanghai </strong><br><strong>Toronto </strong><br><strong>Dubai </strong></p><p><strong>Mumbai </strong><br><strong>Denver </strong></p><p><strong>London </strong></p><p><strong>Guernsey </strong><br><strong>Paris </strong><br><strong>New York </strong><br><strong>Houston </strong><br><strong>Manila </strong><br><strong>Luxembourg </strong></p><p><strong>Munich </strong><br><strong>Singapore </strong><br><strong>Zug </strong></p><p><strong>Milan </strong></p><p><strong>São Paulo </strong></p><p><strong>Americas </strong></p><p><strong>Sydney </strong></p><p></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1"><strong>Asia Pacific </strong></li><li style="flex:1"><strong>Europe </strong></li></ul><p></p><p>For illustrative purposes only. Source: Partners Group (2020). <strong>1 </strong>Unaudited, inclusive of all Partners Group affiliates, as of 31 December 2020. <strong>2 </strong>As of 31 December 2020. </p><p></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">OVERVIEW </li><li style="flex:1">4</li></ul><p></p><p>About our portfolio </p><p></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1"><strong>Partner to business </strong></li><li style="flex:1"><strong>Entrepreneurial ownership </strong></li></ul><p></p><p><strong>Corporate assets </strong>(USD 52 billion AuM<sup style="top: -0.35em;">1</sup>) </p><p></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1"><strong>Healthcare </strong></li><li style="flex:1"><strong>Industrials </strong></li><li style="flex:1"><strong>Consumer &amp; services </strong></li><li style="flex:1"><strong>Technology </strong></li></ul><p></p><p><strong>Financing </strong></p><p><strong>Real assets / financing </strong>(USD 57 billion AuM<sup style="top: -0.35em;">2</sup>) </p><p></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1"><strong>Infrastructure </strong></li><li style="flex:1"><strong>Real estate </strong></li><li style="flex:1"><strong>Real asset services </strong></li></ul><p></p><p>We are "responsible for the dreams" of the 200,000+ partners and employees who work alongside us in our portfolio </p><p>For illustrative purposes only. Source: Partners Group (2019). <strong>1 </strong>Corporate equity includes Partners Group's private equity asset under management as of 31 December 2020. <strong>2 </strong>Real assets / financing includes Partners Group's asset under management relating to private real estate, private infrastructure and private debt as of 31 December 2020. </p><p></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">OVERVIEW </li><li style="flex:1">5</li></ul><p></p><p>The Partners Group formula </p><p></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Attractive industry </li><li style="flex:1">Partners Group business model </li></ul><p></p><p><strong>Rising </strong>private </p><p>markets </p><p><strong>allocations </strong></p><p>Institutional </p><p><strong>asset growth </strong></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1"><strong>Outperformance </strong></li><li style="flex:1"><strong>Multi-asset class </strong></li></ul><p>across <strong>cycles </strong></p><p>offerings </p><p><strong>+</strong></p><p><strong>Complex client needs</strong>/market </p><p>consolidation <br>Globally </p><p><strong>integrated service </strong></p><p>organization </p><p>Competitive shareholder returns </p><p></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Balance sheet- </li><li style="flex:1">Continued </li></ul><p>AuM growth <br>Stable margins <br>Earnings growth <br>Dividend growth </p><p></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1"><strong>x</strong></li><li style="flex:1"><strong>+</strong></li><li style="flex:1"><strong>=</strong></li></ul><p></p><p><strong>≈</strong></p><p>light approach </p><p>Source: Partners Group. </p><p></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">UPDATE ON PARTNERS GROUP </li><li style="flex:1">6</li></ul><p></p><p>Table of contents </p><p><a href="#2_0">1</a></p><p><a href="#6_0"><strong>2</strong></a></p><p><a href="#17_0">3</a><a href="#19_0">4</a><a href="#0_0">5</a><a href="#0_0">6</a><br><a href="#2_0">Overview </a></p><p><a href="#6_0"><strong>Clients </strong></a></p><p><a href="#17_0">Industry </a><a href="#19_0">Investments </a><a href="#0_0">ESG </a><a href="#0_0">Financials </a></p><p></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">CLIENTS </li><li style="flex:1">7</li></ul><p></p><p>Around 900 institutional organizations as clients </p><p></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Public pension funds and sovereign wealth funds </li><li style="flex:1">Insurance companies </li></ul><p></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Private pension funds </li><li style="flex:1">Banks and distribution partners </li></ul><p></p><p>We are "responsible for the dreams" of our 200+ million beneficiaries </p><p>Clients listed include direct clients of Partners Group (USA) Inc., Partners Group AG or their affiliates, and investors in funds managed or advised by such parties. Clients listed were selected to demonstrate the breadth and types of clients served by Partners Group. Inclusion in the list does not indicate approval or disapproval by any of the clients of Partners Group or the services rendered by Partners Group to the relevant client. As of 31 December 2019. </p><p></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">AUM DEVELOPMENT 2020 </li><li style="flex:1">8</li></ul><p></p><p>Our sustainable returns and service excellence are expected to drive future growth </p><p>Total assets under management<sup style="top: -0.36em;">1 </sup>(in USD billion) </p><p><strong>+16% </strong></p><p><strong>109 </strong></p><p>16 </p><p>Private infrastructure </p><p><strong>AuM </strong><br><strong>94 </strong></p><p>1533 </p><p><strong># employees </strong></p><p>Private real estate </p><p><strong>83 </strong></p><p>1464 </p><p>17 </p><p>+5% </p><p><strong>74 </strong></p><p>Private debt </p><p>1203 </p><p>25 </p><p><strong>57 </strong></p><p>1036 </p><p><strong>50 </strong><br><strong>45 </strong><br><strong>43 </strong></p><p>930 </p><p><strong>37 </strong></p><p>840 <br>746 </p><p><strong>31 </strong></p><p>701 </p><p><strong>28 </strong></p><p>Private equity </p><p><strong>24 </strong></p><p>52 </p><p>625 </p><p><strong>22 </strong></p><p><strong>18 </strong></p><p>574 <br>447 </p><p><strong>11 </strong></p><p>175 <br>361 </p><p>334 </p><p><strong>6</strong></p><p>273 <br>137 </p><p>2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 </p><p>Initial public offering </p><p>Note: assets under management exclude discontinued public alternative investment activities and divested affiliated companies held up to 2013. <strong>1 </strong>Partners Group aims to mirror the fee basis for its various programs and mandates when calculating AuM. AuM covers programs, mandates and assets to which Partners Group renders (full or partial) investment management or advisory services, but does not cover consultant, transaction or other ancillary services it may render to clients or assets from time to time. AuM is typically calculated as </p><p>either i) the program size, ii) outstanding commitments to investments, iii) the net asset value or the outstanding principal of investments, or iv) the respective investment exposure. The AuM basis is </p><p>increased by the amount of assets raised that are based on i) subscriptions, or ii) new fee-paying assets and amounts planned to be invested which would become fee-paying assets in the following six months. Reductions in the AuM basis for mature programs i) may follow a fixed schedule, ii) can be based on the cost of realizing assets, or iii) may be the result of such programs being liquidated. The AuM basis is also reduced by redemptions on open-ended programs. Further changes in the AuM basis may be explained by factors such as performance or changes in FX rates. Source: Partners Group (2021). </p><p></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">AUM DEVELOPMENT 2020 </li><li style="flex:1">9</li></ul><p></p><p>Bespoke client solutions remain the largest constituent of our AuM </p><p>AuM as of 31 December 2020 <br>Assets raised during 2020 </p><p>Private infrastructure <br>14% <br>Private infrastructure </p><p>22% </p><p>Private real <br>Private equity </p><p>40% </p><p>Private equity <br>48% </p><p>USD </p><p>109 billion </p><p>estate <br>15% <br>Private real </p><p>USD </p><p>16 billion </p><p>estate <br>15% </p><p>Private debt <br>23% <br>Private debt <br>23% </p><p><strong>Traditional </strong></p><p>client programs <br>36% </p><p><strong>Bespoke </strong></p><p>client solutions </p><p>USD <br>109 billion </p><p><strong>Traditional </strong></p><p>client programs <br>42% </p><p>USD <br>16 billion </p><p><strong>Bespoke </strong></p><p>client solutions </p><p>58% </p><p>64% </p><p><strong>Evergreen programs (26%) </strong></p><p>Note: Mandates AuM include commitments by select mandate clients into traditional programs; therefore, the corresponding amount is not included within the AuM category traditional but within mandates. Source: Partners Group (2021). </p><p></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">AUM DEVELOPMENT 2020 </li><li style="flex:1">10 </li></ul><p></p><p>Solid client demand and performance led to 11% AuM growth in 2020, excluding FX </p><p>effects; net AuM growth stands at 16%, including FX effects </p><p>Total assets under management development (in USD billion, except where stated otherwise) </p><p></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1"><strong>-8.1 </strong></li><li style="flex:1"><strong>+16.0 </strong></li><li style="flex:1"><strong>+7.1 </strong></li></ul><p></p><p>= EUR 89.2 bn = CHF 96.4 bn </p><p><strong>Tail-downs: -6.2 </strong></p><p><strong>USD 109.1 </strong></p><p><strong>FX +4.9 </strong></p><p><strong>H2: 7.7 H1: 8.3 </strong></p><p><strong>Others +2.2 </strong><br><strong>Redemptions: -2.0 </strong></p><p><strong>USD 94.1 </strong></p><p>Performance- <br>Typically based on a formula </p><p>in traditional closed-ended programs which was preagreed with clients at the time of contract. <br>Net redemptions are typically limited to 20- <br>25% p.a. of the prevailing NAV for evergreen programs. <br>Driven by the Euro appreciation of 9% against the <br>US Dollar </p><p>related effects on </p><p>select programs that link their AuM to their NAV <br>(EUR AuM: 47%). development. </p><p></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">2019 </li><li style="flex:1">New money/ </li></ul><p>commitments <br>Tail-downs &amp; redemptions<sup style="top: -0.492em;">1 </sup></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">FX &amp; others<sup style="top: -0.43em;">2 </sup></li><li style="flex:1">2020 </li></ul><p></p><p><strong>1 </strong>Tail-downs &amp; redemptions: tail-downs consist of maturing investment programs (typically closed-ended structures); redemptions stem from evergreen programs. <strong>2 </strong>Others consist of performance and investment program changes from select programs. Due to rounding, some totals may not correspond with the sum of the separate figures. Source: Partners Group (2021). </p><p></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">CLIENTS </li><li style="flex:1">11 </li></ul><p></p><p>AuM stem from an international and broad range of clients </p><p></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">AuM by region (as of 30 June 2020) </li><li style="flex:1">AuM by client type (as of 30 June 2020) </li></ul><p></p><p>Australia </p><p>Asia </p><p>Distribution </p><p>partners / private </p><p>individuals <br>6% <br>6% <br>Switzerland <br>16% <br>Public pension funds &amp; SWFs <br>24% <br>Middle East <br>18% </p><p>3% </p><p>South America <br>Germany &amp; <br>2% </p><p>Asset managers, </p><p>USD </p><p>96 billion </p><p>USD </p><p>96 billion </p><p>Austria <br>16% family offices, banks &amp; others <br>19% <br>North America <br>16% </p><p>France &amp; Benelux <br>5% <br>UK </p><p>22% <br>Southern Europe <br>Corporate &amp; other </p><p>pension funds </p><p>29% <br>Insurance companies </p><p>10% </p><p>Scandinavia <br>4% <br>4% </p><p>Source: Partners Group (2020). </p><p></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">CLIENTS </li><li style="flex:1">12 </li></ul><p></p><p>AuM well-diversified across programs and clients </p><p></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Breakdown by private market programs and mandates<sup style="top: -0.36em;">1 </sup></li><li style="flex:1">Breakdown by client concentration<sup style="top: -0.36em;">1 </sup></li></ul><p>Largest client <br>3% <br>Top 2-5 clients <br>7% Top 6-10 clients </p><p><strong>USD </strong><br><strong>96 billion </strong></p><p>(around 300 programs <br>&amp; mandates) </p><p>5% <br>Top 11-20 clients </p><p>7% </p><p>USD <br>96 billion </p><p>&gt;850 other institutions <br>78% </p><p><strong>1 </strong>Assets under management as of 30 June 2020. Source: Partners Group (2020). </p><p></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">CLIENTS </li><li style="flex:1">13 </li></ul><p></p><p>We are leaders in constructing highly customized private market portfolios </p><p></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Strong growth in tailored private markets programs </li><li style="flex:1">Continued sustainable growth </li></ul><p></p><p></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1"><strong>Evergreen programs </strong></li><li style="flex:1"><strong>Mandates </strong></li><li style="flex:1"><strong>Traditional programs </strong></li></ul><p></p><p></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">(in USD billion) </li><li style="flex:1">(in USD billion) </li><li style="flex:1">(in USD billion) </li></ul><p></p><p>40 35 30 25 20 15 10 <br>5<br>40 </p><p>35 </p><p>30 25 20 15 10 <br>5<br>40 </p><p>35 </p><p>30 25 20 15 10 <br>5</p><p>37 <br>36 </p><p><strong>10% p.a. </strong><br><strong>17% p.a. </strong></p><p>24 <br>22 </p><p><strong>24% p.a. </strong></p><p>17 </p><p>8</p><p>0</p><p></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">0</li><li style="flex:1">0</li></ul><p></p><p></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">H1 2015 </li><li style="flex:1">H1 2020 </li><li style="flex:1">H1 2015 </li><li style="flex:1">H1 2020 </li><li style="flex:1">H1 2015 </li><li style="flex:1">H1 2020 </li></ul><p></p><p><strong>Highly sophisticated; tailored to clients' needs </strong></p><p><strong>through customization and involvement of </strong></p><p><strong>portfolio management </strong><br><strong>Traditional </strong></p><p><strong>closed-ended </strong></p><p><strong>structures </strong></p><p>Note: Growth p.a. represents the CAGR of AuM by the respective program structure over the period 30 June 2015 – 30 June 2020. Source: Partners Group (2020). </p><p></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">CLIENTS </li><li style="flex:1">14 </li></ul><p></p><p>Evergreen programs and mandates increase longevity of our AuM </p><p>Illustrative example </p><p></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1"><strong>Evergreen programs </strong></li><li style="flex:1"><strong>Mandates </strong></li><li style="flex:1"><strong>Traditional programs </strong></li></ul><p></p><p></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1"><strong>Investment decision </strong></li><li style="flex:1"><strong>Strategic allocation decision </strong></li><li style="flex:1"><strong>Commitment decision </strong></li></ul><p></p><p></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">(in USD) </li><li style="flex:1">(in USD or % of overall AuM) </li><li style="flex:1">(in USD) </li></ul><p></p><p><strong>Exposure </strong></p><p><strong>re-up? </strong></p><p><strong>Exposure </strong></p><p><strong>invest more, maintain or liquidate? increase? </strong></p><p><strong>Exposure </strong></p><p><strong>maintain invest </strong></p><p><strong>commit build up </strong></p><p></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">y1 y2 </li><li style="flex:1">y10-12 </li></ul><p></p><p>y1y2 </p><p></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">y1 y2 </li><li style="flex:1">y12 </li><li style="flex:1">Y15+ </li></ul><p>Y15+ </p><p><strong>Investment manager diversifies for clients </strong></p><p><strong>across private markets asset classes </strong></p><p><strong>Clients diversify across </strong></p><p><strong>investment managers </strong></p><p>Source: Partners Group (2020). </p><p></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">AUM OUTLOOK 2021 </li><li style="flex:1">15 </li></ul><p></p><p>Surveys show that there is sustained long-term demand for private markets solutions<sup style="top: -0.48em;">1 </sup></p><p></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1"><strong>Investors' intentions for their </strong></li><li style="flex:1"><strong>Partners Group </strong></li></ul><p></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1"><strong>private markets allocations by 2025</strong><sup style="top: -0.36em;"><strong>1 </strong></sup></li><li style="flex:1"><strong>private markets solutions</strong><sup style="top: -0.36em;"><strong>2 </strong></sup></li></ul><p></p><p></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Decrease </li><li style="flex:1">Maintain </li></ul><p></p><p>Increase </p><p><strong>Private </strong></p><p><strong>equity </strong></p><p>Mandates USD 42bn <br>Evergreen USD 28bn </p><p>-4% </p><p><strong>96% </strong></p><p><strong>Private debt </strong></p><p>-8% </p><p><strong>92% </strong></p><p><strong>Private </strong></p><p><strong>real estate </strong></p><p>-15% </p><p><strong>85% </strong></p><p><strong>Private infrastructure </strong></p><p>Traditional USD 39bn </p><p><strong>91% </strong></p><p>-9% </p><p><strong>1 </strong>Source: Preqin (November 2020), Special Report: The Future of Alternatives 2025. <strong>2 </strong>As of 31 December 2020. Mandates AuM include commitments by select mandate clients into traditional programs; therefore, the corresponding amount is not included within the AuM category traditional but within mandates. Source: Partners Group (2021). </p><p></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">AUM OUTLOOK 2021 </li><li style="flex:1">16 </li></ul><p></p><p>Confident outlook on expected client demand in 2021, assuming current uncertainties </p><p>around COVID-19 will improve as the year progresses </p><p>AuM, client demand and other effects (in USD billion) </p><p><strong>Full-year 2021 expectations </strong></p><p></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1"><strong>16 - 20 </strong></li><li style="flex:1"><strong>Client demand </strong></li></ul><p><strong>+16.0 </strong></p><p><strong>-8.1 </strong></p><p>109 </p><p><strong>+16.5 </strong></p><p><strong>-7.1 </strong></p><p>94 </p><p>Tail-downs &amp; redemptions<sup style="top: -0.36em;">1 </sup></p><p><strong>+15.7 </strong></p><p><strong>-5.6 </strong></p><p><strong>~ -9.5 </strong></p><p>83 <br>74 </p><p><strong>+15.0 </strong></p><p><strong>-4.0 </strong></p><p>+7.1 </p><p>+/- </p><p>=</p><p>FX &amp; others<sup style="top: -0.36em;">2 </sup></p><p>57 </p><p>FX &amp; others<sup style="top: -0.31em;">2 </sup></p><p>(no guidance provided) </p><p>+1.4 <br>FX &amp; others<sup style="top: -0.31em;">2 </sup></p><p>Total AuM </p><p>-1.2 <br>FX &amp; others<sup style="top: -0.31em;">2 </sup><br>-6.2 </p><p>FX &amp; others<sup style="top: -0.31em;">2 </sup></p><p></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">2017 </li><li style="flex:1">2018 </li><li style="flex:1">2019 </li><li style="flex:1">2020 </li><li style="flex:1">2021 </li></ul><p></p><p><strong>1 </strong>Tail-downs &amp; redemptions: tail-downs consist of maturing investment programs (typically closed-ended structures); redemptions stem from evergreen programs. <strong>2 </strong>Others consist of performance and investment program changes from select programs. For illustrative purposes only. Due to rounding, some totals may not correspond with the sum of the separate figures. Source: Partners Group (2021). </p><p></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">UPDATE ON PARTNERS GROUP </li><li style="flex:1">17 </li></ul><p></p><p>Table of contents </p><p><a href="#2_0">1</a></p><p><a href="#6_0">2</a></p><p><a href="#17_0"><strong>3</strong></a></p><p><a href="#19_0">4</a><a href="#0_0">5</a><a href="#0_0">6</a><br><a href="#2_0">Overview </a></p><p><a href="#6_0">Clients </a></p><p><a href="#17_0"><strong>Industry </strong></a></p><p><a href="#19_0">Investments </a><a href="#0_0">ESG </a><a href="#0_0">Financials </a></p><p></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">INDUSTRY </li><li style="flex:1">18 </li></ul><p></p><p>Partners Group’s market positioning </p><p><strong>Asset classes </strong></p><p>Private equity, private real estate, </p><p>Public equities &amp; bonds <br>Private markets plus: hedge funds, high yield, principal investing </p><p>private infrastructure, private debt </p><p><strong>Private markets investments firms </strong></p><p><strong>Asset class focused </strong></p><p><strong>Global financial conglomerates </strong></p><p><strong>Global financial conglomerates </strong></p><p><strong>Regional/ thematic focused </strong></p><p>Note: this depiction does not purport to be final and complete and is shown for illustrative purposes only. There are many more market participants which could be </p><p>named and positioning of the logos is based on Partners Group’s assessment and might not correspond with the assessments of the market participants. </p><p>Source: Partners Group. For illustrative purposes only. </p><p></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">UPDATE ON PARTNERS GROUP </li><li style="flex:1">19 </li></ul><p></p><p>Table of contents </p><p><a href="#2_0">1</a></p><p><a href="#6_0">2</a></p><p><a href="#17_0">3</a></p><p><a href="#19_0"><strong>4</strong></a></p>

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