id5095328 pdfMachine by Broadgun Software - a great PDF writer! - a great PDF creator! - http://www.pdfmachine.com http://www.broadgun.com ISSN : 0974 - 7532 Volume 8 Issue 8 Research & Reviews in BBiiooSScciieenncceess Review RRBS, 8(8), 2014 [285-301] Antimicrobial dyes based on heterocyclic and/or homocyclic systems for dyeing and textile finishing F.A.Mohamed, H.M.Ibrahim* Textile Research Division, National Research Center, Dokki, 12311, Cairo, (EGYPT) E-mail : [email protected] ABSTRACT KEYWORDS This review article deals with the antimicrobial finishing of textiles with Antimicrobial dyes; antimicrobial dyes based on heterocyclic / homocyclic systems also deals Heterocyclic systems; with the Antimicrobial Activity, Structural Features of Antimicrobial Homocyclic systems; Functional Dyes, Requirements for Antimicrobial Finishing and various Dyeing and textile finishing; methods that sued for Evaluation of Antimicrobial Efficacy of these dyes Antimicrobial textiles. (qualitative and quantitative). This review article also describes the major antimicrobial activity of dyes based on heterocyclic / homocyclic systems. Keeping in mind the multitude of existing systems, different dyes is classified as natural, direct, cationic, reactive and disperse dyes. In addition, this article review illustrates the use of these dyes for dyeing as well as antimicrobial textile finishing. 2014 Trade Science Inc. - INDIA INTRODUCTION the fabric, a reduction in fabric mechanical strength and an increased likelihood of contamination. For these rea- Textiles recognized as media to support the growth sons, it is highly desirable that the growth of microbes of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. These on textiles be minimized during their use and storage. microorganisms are found in the environment and may There is also a broader market for antimicrobial multiply quickly when basic requirements, such as mois- fibers, for instance, in outdoor textiles, air filters, auto- ture, nutrients and temperature are met. Almost syn- motive textiles, domestic home furnishings and medical thetic fibers, owing to their high hydrophobicity, are more textiles. This high demand, in turn, has stimulated inten- resistant to attacks by microorganisms than natural fi- sive research and development[1,2]. bers. Proteins in keratinous fibers and carbohydrates in Producing functional dyes with special finishing ca- cotton may act as nutrients and energy sources under pabilities promote currently in an area of active research certain conditions. Soil, dust, solutes from sweat and especially in the field of textile applications. This review some textile finishes may also be nutrient sources for article shall discuss a variety of functional dyes that [1,2] ’s biological activity microorganisms . posse [3-5]. However, there has been The growth of microorganisms on textiles not only a growing need to develop finishes for textile materials inflicts a range of unwanted effects on the textile itself that may offer improved protection to the users from but also on the wearer. These effects include the gen- microbes (bacteria, mould or fungi) which cause nu- eration of unpleasant odor, stains and discoloration in merous problems. Textile materials and clothing are 286 Antimicrobial dyes based on heter.ocyclic and/or homocyclic systems RRBS, 8(8) 2014 Review known to be susceptible to microbial attack, as these The finishing should not negatively affect the quality provide large surface area and absorb moisture required (e.g. physical strength and handle) or appearance for microbial growth[6]. Natural fibres have protein (kera- of the textile. tin), cellulose etc., that provide basic requirements such The finishing should preferably be compatible with as moisture, oxygen, nutrients and temperature for bac- textile chemical processes such as dyeing, be cost terial growth and multiplication. This often leads to effective and not produce harmful substances to the undesrable odour, dermal infection, product deteriora- manufacturer and the environment. tion, allergic responses and other related diseases[7]. Antimicrobial finishing of textiles should not kill the This necessitates the development of clothing that may resident flora of nonpathogenic bacteria on the skin provide a desired antimicrobial effect. of the wearer[10]. A variety of antimicrobial textile materials are re- ported employing different approaches as development STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF of chitosan treated wool fabrics[3], antimicrobial nylon ANTIMICROBIAL FUNCTIONAL DYES fiber by attaching a phosphate glass as an antimicrobial agent[8], surface coating by trialkoxysilyl quaternary Functional dyes and colorants are compounds ammonium salt, antibacterial fiber by graft polymeriza- whose electronic structures can absorb electromagnetic tion of cellulosic fiber with polyvinylpyrrolidone, by treat- radiation in the visible range (380-780 nm); additional ment with potassium iodide solution, micro-encapsula- properties other than color can be defined as functions. tion or insolubilization of chemical reagents in/on fiber Based on this definition, Infrared dyes, laser dyes and such as nitro compounds on acrylic, nylon, polypropy- voltage sensitive dyes fall within the category of func- lene and polyethylene fiber. These recent approaches tional dyes[11]. use synthetic non-biodegradable chemical compounds, Functional dyes and colorants are useful for im- that cause environmental and health concerns. As an parting a functional property to a textile such as antimi- alternate approach, if some special dyes having antimi- crobial, anti-static, softening, water repellent, fire-re- crobial activities without significantly affecting their dye- sistant, soil-repellent, anti-UV, and other chemical prop- ing properties, the textile dyeing and antimicrobial fin- erties as well as a combination of two or more proper- ishing may be unified into one process. With these ap- ties thereof. proaches in mind, some studies have been conducted Antimicrobial dyes have the ability to kill at least so far to check the antimicrobial activity of these dyes some types of microorganisms (called bactericidal) or when applied on textile materials. This article addresses to inhibit the growth or reproduction of these organ- the viability of using textile dyes that represent the anti- isms (called bacteriostatic)[12]. microbial dyes with high performance dyeing and anti- Textile materials are excellent media for growing of microbial textile finishing. microorganisms such as, Staphylococcus aurues, Es- cherichia coli, Aspergillus niger etc. An environmen- REQUIREMENTS FOR tal concern, to the public, owing to increasing of the ANTIMICROBIAL FINISHING cross transmission of diseases in hospitals and unhealthy indoor air quality in working areas partially or com- In order to obtain the greatest benefit, an ideal an- pletely caused contaminated textiles. Body odour and timicrobial treatment of textiles should satisfy a several dermal infections, caused by microorganisms, are hy- requirements[1,2,9]. gienic concern as well. It should be effective against a broad spectrum of Fabrics possessing inherent antimicrobial functions bacterial and fungal species, but at the same time are expect to be able to eliminate these concerns[13]. exhibits low toxicity to consumers, e.g. does not Clothing and textile materials are carriers of microor- cause toxicity, allergy or irritation to the user. ganisms such as pathogenic bacteria, odor-generating The finishing should be durable to laundering, dry bacteria, and mold fungi, because of the adhesion of cleaning and hot pressing, e.g. textile products sub- these microorganisms on fabric surfaces. The spread of jected to repeated washing during their life. HIV and hepatitis viruses by contact of contaminated RRBS, 8(8) 2014 F.A.Mohamed and H.M.Ibrahim 287 Review materials has created increased pressure for protection determine the efficacy of antimicrobial textiles[62,63]. The of personal with functional clothing and materials[14]. bacterial species Staphylococcus aureus (Gram posi- Therefore, medical use and institutional use apparel tive) and Klebsiella pneumonia (Gram negative) are ’ gowns, patient materials and clothing such as surgeons recommended in almost test methods. These two spe- ’ clothing, carpeting and bedding materi- drapes, nurses cies are potentially pathogenic and therefore require als, lining sheets and towels, and worker uniforms are proper physical containment facilities for handling (e.g. necessary to achieve antibacterial functions[15]. a bio-safety cabinet). Many studies have used the in- Textiles dyed with antimicrobial dyes have nocuous Escherichia coli (Gram negative) as a test mi- microbiocidal (i.e. antimicrobial), activity against a broad croorganism that can be cultured and handled in a stan- spectrum of pathogenic microorganism e.g. gram-posi- dard laboratory with minimal health risk. These meth- tive bacteria (e.g. Staphylococcus aurous) and gram- ods are: negative bacteria (Escherichia coli). Fibers with micro- Broth dilution tests bicidal properties are intended for use particularly in ’s wear, un- the medical sector, for example for women One of the earliest antimicrobial susceptibility test- derwear, socks and other hygienic purposes such as ing methods was the macro broth or tube-dilution [64-66] upholsteries. method . This procedure involved preparing two- fold dilutions of antimicrobial material (eg, 1, 2, 4, 8, ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY and 16 mg/mL) in a liquid growth medium