5 ABORIGINAL PEOPLE aND GROUNDWATER ABORIGINAL USE OF GROUNDWATER The content for this section is taken and significance would differ. These resources directly from the Masters Thesis entitled include: Soaks/soakages or native wells, springs/ “ABORIGINAL PEOPLE AND GROUNDWATER” natural springs, mound spring, bores, and by Bradley J. Moggridge (University of hanging swamps. Some simple definitions follow: Technology, Sydney, 2005). For full details, refer to the original thesis document, • Soaks/soakages or native wells: including a comprehensive set of references. These terms refer simply to where groundwater discharges to the ground surface. WARNING – THE AUTHOR OF THIS MATERIAL Landform and vegetation are key indicators. APOLOGISES TO ANY ABORIGINAL PERSON They can occur near rivers, in ephemeral river WHO MAY BE DISTRESSED BY THE MENTION beds, sand hills and near salt lakes. Native OF THE NAMES OF PERSONS WHO MAY NOW wells are simply the traditional means of BE DECEASED. tapping these soaks, and thus dug in areas where soakages were known. They ranged in Aboriginal People in the Australian Landscape depth up to 7 metres but averaged 1.5 metres in depth; they were then filled with debris, Aboriginal people have been part of Australia’s sticks, sand or had covers/caps placed on top landscape for many millennia. There is no exact of the wells, to reduce evaporation and stop date of when Aboriginal people first arrived on animals accessing them and fouling the water. the Australian continent or satisfactory evidence There is also mention that some were curved to indicate they evolved from Australia, but in shape for protection from evaporation and estimates range from 40,000 to 60,000 years larger at the base to give greater capacity. ago and up to 110,000 years ago. Considering this, many Aboriginal nations believe that they • Springs / natural springs: have been here since time began – since the Springs are often confused with soakages, but Dreamtime, “when the ancestral heroes first springs occur where impervious layers outcrop; appeared and began their epic journey across the the water table may be forced to the surface land” (Isaacs, 1984), and began creating the land, and water appears as a spring. sky, water and life. • Mound springs: Geomorphic formations raised above the Since Aboriginal people have been a part of surrounding land surface formed by a deposit Australia’s landscape, they have experienced of minerals and sediment brought up from the and also triggered numerous changes to its artesian aquifers or confining beds by water environment. For instance changes in flora and at certain natural discharge points. Further fauna, ecological communities, fire dependence, information is provided in the next section. volcanic activity, climate, and water availability. But the biggest change to the Aboriginal • Bores: environment would have to be the invasion and A structure drilled or dug below the surface to settlement of Europeans and consequent rapid obtain water from an aquifer system. deterioration of their homelands. • Hanging Swamps: Throughout all of these changes, Aboriginal Hanging Swamps are another groundwater people have adapted and survived. Their survival dependent system that Aboriginal people would not be possible without the knowledge of would have used. Hanging swamps are shallow how to find and manage water - without water depressions on sloping rock faces on the edge there is no life. Groundwater sources played a of predominantly sandstone cliffs and occur at significant role in their survival, especially in moderate to high altitudes. They are a constant the desert regions, which cover approximately source of water, fed by rain and groundwater seventy percent of the continent. thus allowing a range of plant species, which combined attract animal species. Due to the lack of cultural information and Aboriginal Groundwater Resources research, especially in the Sydney Basin and There are a number of groundwater-related Blue Mountains, the dreaming stories are water sources which Aboriginal people have lost forever, however they would have been used in the past and still use today; which will be part of “Dreaming Tracks” which provide a described and mentioned throughout this report. cultural link between sites and a spiritual However to each Aboriginal tribe, their names interconnection between sites and land. Teacher Earth Science Education Program 5.1 5 ABORIGINAL PEOPLE aND GROUNDWATER ABORIGINAL USE OF GROUNDWATER Aboriginal People and Mound Springs There have been extensive studies carried out on Aboriginal people and mound springs, by archaeologists, mining companies including the Olympic Dam Project, social scientists and governments, because they hold great cultural and ecological significance. Many stories of Aboriginal ancestral heroes are associated with mound springs and their placement along travel routes, and feature myths and spiritual significance. They are semi- permanent oasis in the desert that has provided water for Aboriginal people for thousands of years and thus a strong cultural connection. All individual springs and complexes are known to hold significance to Aboriginal people, and it is impossible in modern times to predict, with any confidence, that an individual mound spring does not have any significance due to similarities with other springs in an area. It is emphasised that “the springs are considered so important that the large-scale deterioration of any group of springs would cause great distress to at least some Aboriginal people, whether their associations with the sites are direct or indirect”. The deterioration of the Dalhousie Springs to the Indigenous Southern Aranda people and the Irrwanyere Aboriginal Corporation is significant. The Dalhousie Springs are situated on the edge of the Simpson Desert in northern South Australia, and to the Aranda the springs are known as the Irrwanyere or ‘the healing springs’. But following European settlement the springs became sick from poor land management practices by settlers, and now the local Aboriginal people are left with a degraded land legacy. This must be so painful for not only these traditional owners of Dalhousie Springs but all other traditional owners to see their land destroyed and treated with little or no respect; and when it is destroyed, the landholder sells it or leaves it for the Aboriginal people to repair. It is hard to explain the difficulty non-Aboriginal people may have in understanding Aboriginal people distress when the environment is polluted or damaged, ‘If one part is damaged or destroyed, all other parts are under pressure’. Teacher Earth Science Education Program 5.2 5 ABORIGINAL PEOPLE aND GROUNDWATER GROUNDWATER AND THE DREAMTIME Storytelling is an integral part of life for The significance of the Rainbow Serpent has Australian Aboriginals. These stories are long been appreciated by anthropologists: it has passed from one generation to another, usually been stated that the Rainbow Serpent story was by elders in Aboriginal communities both perhaps “the most important of the mythology traditional and contemporary. The Dreaming and that fuller knowledge of this is important or Dreamtime is an English translation of an to any attempt we may make to understand the Aboriginal concept. For example, three tribes of Australian conception of nature”. central Australia the Pitjantjatjara, the Arrernte and the Adnyamathanha use the following terms: The Rainbow Serpent had many different Tjukurpa; Aldjerinya; and Nguthuna respectively, roles depending on the tribe. Some of its roles whereas the Gamilaraay people refer to the related to: fertility in women and the land, close Dreamtime as – Burruguu. association to medicine men, heavily associated with important ceremonies, protector of its The stories are told in detail and re-enacted in people and land, the formation of land features ceremonies which capture the imagination of such as springs, rivers, lakes and lagoons, rain the young, primarily for educating. The teaching and flood events, but for the purpose of this styles have proven to be inspiring and powerful report its connection to groundwater. tools in presenting the Dreamtime beliefs and cultural practices. In Western NSW there is deep connection between the Rainbow Serpent (Wawi) and both Dreamtime stories depict the very basic part of a surface water and groundwater, connecting long and complex event. Stories covered include: beneath and across landforms. An account of the creation of the land and life, protocols and this connection is described as: tribal lore, life and death, warfare, hunting, linking every creature and every feature of the “This country was made by the ancestors. landscape, male and female roles, as well as Wawi the Rainbow Serpent came up through sacred and public affairs. the springs, he came from Nakabo springs, Ngilyitri country. Wherever he travelled he These are stories of the history and culture of left ochre to show where he had been. The Aboriginal people, handed down in this way springs were entry and exit points. He came since the beginning of time and refer to all out of the earth, travelled along its surface, that is known and all that is understood. Many and then back into the earth. Wawi travels, groundwater related sites would be dreaming and is still there. We know he’s still there.” sites because water that originates from below the ground, with Aboriginal people not knowing It is further explained that in Ngiyampaa the full extent of hydrogeological processes, country the Wawi came from the east, travelling would deem it to be spiritually significant. underground, coming up in a spring in the The dreaming significance of these sites, for Manara Range, where he had a fight with Robin instance, would link surface and sub-surface Red Breast, which he lost and is now stuck in the waters through their culture heroes. These sites rockhole, Wawi rises out and returns as the water would have also been where trade occurred, in the rockhole rises and falls. dispute resolution between tribes, plus marriage Walmadjari men in times of drought [‘lalga], go and male initiation.