City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works Dissertations and Theses City College of New York 2012 Psychosis in Films: An Analysis of Stigma and the Portrayal in Feature Films Yancy Aracena CUNY City College How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/cc_etds_theses/134 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] Psychosis in Films: An Analysis of Stigma and the Portrayal in Feature Films Yancy Aracena Graduation Date: August 2011 Research Mentor: Dr. Jack Levinson City College of New York, CUNY Department of Sociology Y.Aracena 1 "Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Sociology at the City College of New York" Y.Aracena 2 Psychosis in Films written by Yancy Aracena Table of Contents Abstract ………………………………………………………………………… 4 Introduction ……………………………………………………………………. 5 Literature Review ……………………………………………………………… 9 Methodology …………………………………………………………………… 16 The Thin Line between Genius and Insanity ………………………………… 19 Homicidal Maniacs …………………………………………………………….. 23 Realistic But Disturbing …………………...…………………………………… 27 Sympathetic But Unrealistic……………. ……………………………………... 29 Mental Illness in Animated Films ……………………………………………... 31 The Role of Stigma ……………………………………………………………… 33 Conclusion: Final Take…………………………………………………………. 36 References ………………………………………………………………………. 42 Appendix ……………….……………………………………………………….. 45 Y.Aracena 3 Abstract Films have a major impact on popular beliefs in American society. The images and ideas in movies are absorbed without difficulties into the popular imagination. This effect can leave long-lasting impressions. Movies can inspire people to raise awareness of various issues such as mental illness but can lead to inaccurate assumptions and stigma. In this thesis, I write about the media and its portrayal mental illness and especially how mental illness can be cast in a negative light with little positive effects. I viewed films with depictions of mental illness and developed four categories for analysis: 1) ―The thin line between genius and insanity‖, 2) homicidal maniacs, 3) realistic but disturbing and 4) sympathetic but unrealistic. In addition, I included another category which contains mental illness in animated films. Media representations are often criticized for their unrealistic portrayal of psychiatric disorders, the negative stereotypical images they provide, and the myths they perpetuate about mental illness (Livingston 2004). The stigma that results prejudice fosters against people who are diagnosed with mental illness. The discontent brought in by the stigma has caused society to be prejudiced against people who are diagnosed with a mental illness. Other times, the portrayal is more positive. In this thesis, my goal is to focus on movie portrayals of characters intended to be with psychosis, to provide a more in-depth view about ways that the depictions are stigmatizing or positive and, in particular, to see how the movies reflect and reinforce social attitudes and stigma. Y.Aracena 4 Introduction Popular films can influence sociological thinking by showing society how images can be manipulated to maintain or create stereotypes. The public often classifies only bizarre and/or threatening behavior as mental illness. The media continues to display a connection between violence and mental illness (Ritvo 2001). For instance, in Terminator 2, directed by James Cameron, the movie gives the audience inaccurate diagnostic information about schizoaffective disorder (―The usual indications,‖ says the doctor in charge, ―depression, anxiety, violent acting out, delusions of persecutions‖) and glimpses of hospital life that include gray-clothed patients being herded by burly attendants with billyclubs (Wahl 1995, pp. 9-10). Films often use visual stereotypes, which reflect and reinforce popular attitudes. The cinema allows members of society to get an understanding of what influences community acceptance and rejection. Many people are aware of the effects that mental illness can have on a family, but the media often portrays mental illness in an offensive way. Wahl writes, ―Stereotypes about violent behaviors by persons with mental illness abound, fueled by media portrayals‖ (Wahl 1995, p. 14). Depictions of mental health are often negative, and this may result in increased stigma. In sociological analysis, a person diagnosed with a mental illness becomes ―labeled‖. Stigmatization therefore can result in fewer mentally ill people accessing services, and frequently leads to discrimination in employment, housing and virtually every other aspect of their lives (McKnight 2011). Films are an important way people get their understandings of mental illness and treatments. Moreover, recent investigations Y.Aracena 5 suggest that, in deciding what is mental illness and what is not, "the public generally comes to quite different conclusions than psychiatrists would" (Manis 1965, p. 49). Some films portray mental health in such a way as to increase the awareness of its audiences, for example A Beautiful Mind, and The Soloist. These movies represent that there is a thin between insanity and genius. Some seem more negative, like Psycho and American Psycho, where the films seem to portray mental illness as dangerous, using stereotypes. Others are more complicated, like Clean, Shave and Benny and Joon, which portray sympathetic roles. In today‘s society, many people are not aware of the symptoms of any type of mental illness, especially psychosis. Criminal behavior and mental illness are too often confused (by the public and by attorneys), further stigmatizing those who suffer with mental illness (Ritvo 2001). ―In films, the general public is learning that people with mental illnesses need forceful control, that communities seek to punish those with mental illnesses, and that people with mental illnesses are best treated like children‖ (Wahl 1995, p. 10). Earlier movies that were displayed to the audience provided an image to the public to believe that any violent actions caused by a person are linked to mental illness, like psychosis. In addition, many filmmakers and viewers get confused when schizophrenia and split personality are intertwined. Those in mental health fields see the stigmatization of mental illness as the reason that many people do not seek professional help (Valtz 1996). In this thesis, I analyze films that have characters with depictions of mental illness. The characters are analyzed to determine if the movie is being sympathetic or stigmatizing. As Wahl writes, out of all representation of disability in movies, mental Y.Aracena 6 illness has been the most commonly depicted disability in feature films (Wahl 1995, p. 9). Wahl continues, ―A common complaint of mental health advocates about mass media is that psychiatric labels are often used incorrectly and serve to misinform and confuse viewers and reads‖ (Wahl, p. 14). I want to show the audience that films have easily influenced society about the stereotypes that these films have developed with the use of mental illness‘ descriptions. By analyzing several films including A Beautiful Mind and Psycho, I have developed several categories such as ―the thin line between genius and insanity‖, homicidal maniacs, realistic but disturbing and sympathetic but unrealistic, as way to give a better understanding to the audience. In the end, I give several ideas that can help the audience get a better understanding about mental illness and ways to educate them. Psychosis is a severe mental disorder that is characterized as a ―thought disorder‖, which is followed by delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized thoughts. It is estimated that 1 percent of the world's population has psychosis. While there is evidence that genetic factors have a role in developing psychosis, other unknown causes may play a significant part as well. Mental health officials diagnose patients with psychosis disorder by describing their experiences and observing their behaviors. In addition, there is no cure for it. However, medications can help over time. Not only is it devastating for the person affected by psychosis but also it can affect the entire family. As the illness continues, psychotic symptoms develop such as bizarre behavior, delusions and disorganized thinking. Psychosis has numerous consequences: morbidity (people being sick), mortality (dying earlier, including from suicide), effects on employment, and family life. Mental Y.Aracena 7 illness such as psychosis can affect many lives including the individual involved and their families. People diagnosed with psychosis have a difficult time trying to live a normal life. Many patients have difficulties in adjusting to their new life with living being diagnosed with psychosis. Some of them might not tell anyone about their problems due to the stigma, while others might tell their families when in need of their support. Nevertheless, the people who seek help in treatment will more likely get a job, continue with school and pursue other opportunities if medications and therapy are effective. However, patients who are schizophrenic without any treatment might end up being placed in residential hospital, shelters or living in the streets among with other homeless people. Overall, help is available for people that deal with psychosis but it is voluntary for them. Antipsychotic