Toward a Sustainable Future for the Red Sea Coast of Sudan Part 2: Socio Economic and Governance Survey 1 2 Toward a Sustainable Future for the Red Sea Coast of Sudan Part 2: Socio Economic and Governance Survey This program would have not be possible without the generous financial support of the European Commission and IWC Schaffhausen. 3 CREDITS Consortium of partners: The Red Sea State of Sudan and related institutions (HCENR, ICZM Office, Red Sea University) Regional Organization for the Conservation of the Environment of the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden (PERSGA) The United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) Afrikan Parks Conservation (APC) Coastal Oceans Research and Development in the Indian Ocean (CORDIO) The Centre for Environment and Development for the Arab Region and Europe (CEDARE) The Centre for Environment and Development for the Arab Region and Europe (CEDARE) Sudanese Development Initiative - SUDIA Mallinson Architects Editors: Tarik Chekchak Authors: Mr. Tarik Chekchak, Equipe Cousteau, Director for Sciences & Environment Ms. Khulood Tubaishat, PERSGA, Advisor on Policy and Coastal Governance Dr. Melita Samoilys, CORDIO, Director, Marine Biologist Mr. Roy Facey, Equipe Cousteau, External Consultant Mr. Nedal Aloral, Equipe Cousteau, External Consultant Ms. Raphaëlle Martinez, UNESCO Division of Education Strategies and Capacity Building, Education Planning Specialist of the Section for Education Support Strategies Mr. Ahmed Hanafi Abdel-Magid, Sudia, Consultant, in charge of updating the 2007/8 survey Dr. Rebecca Klaus, Equipe Cousteau, Consultant & Advisor, Marine Biologist and GIS Dr. Jeremy Kemp, Equipe Cousteau, External Consultant, Marine Biologist Ms. Lauren Salm, PERSGA and Equipe Cousteau, UNESCO World Marine Heritage assessment Mr. Daniel Rodary, Equipe Cousteau, External Coordinator of the ICZM Project in Sudan. Dr. Nigel Hussey, Equipe Cousteau, Consultant, Elasmobranchs Dr. Steve Kessel, Equipe Cousteau, Consultant, Elasmobranchs Dr. Abdel Gadir Dafallah Elhag, Director, Institute of Marine Research, Port Sudan, Sudan The following people have also provided important information and advice, and their assistance is also acknowledged: Dr. Taha Bedawi, former Director of the ICZM Office, Port Sudan, Sudan Mr. Claudio Scarpellini, owner and skipper of the MSY Elegante, WildSea Expedition Dr. Ehab Omer Abdalla, Red Sea University, Faculty of Marine Sciences and Fisheries, Port Sudan, Sudan Dr. Mohamed Sheikh El Dine, Red Sea University, Faculty of Marine Sciences and Fisheries, Port Sudan, Sudan Ms. Noémie Stroh, Equipe Cousteau, Project Manager Dr. Huming Yu, Partnerships in Environmental Management for the Seas of East Asia (PEMSEA), Senior Programme Officer Dr. Michael Pido, Partnerships in Environmental Management for the Seas of East Asia (PEMSEA), Director of the Center for Strategic Policy and Governance at Palawan State University, Philippines Mr. Holger Anlauf, Equipe Cousteau, Volunteer, Marine Biologist Ms. Angela Gall, Equipe Cousteau, Volunteer, Communication and outreach Mr. Mehdi Benchellah, Equipe Cousteau, Media advisor Mr. Mohammed Younis, Equipe Cousteau, External Consultant, formerly of the Wildlife Conservation General Administration Mamdouh Abdallah, Marine Fishery Administration, Red Sea State of Sudan. Ms. Aziza Abdallah, UNDP’s National Capacity Development Officer in Red Sea State Pagoulatos family, owners and managers of the Acropole Hotel, Khartoum, Sudan Layout & design: Faircom New York Photographic material by courtesy: The Cousteau Society PROGRAM DEVELOPED BY EQUIPE COUSTEAU / THE COUSTEAU SOCIETY (EDS. T. CHEKCHAK & M. MACFARLANE) (2014) TOWARD A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE FOR THE RED SEA COAST OF SUDAN. PART 2: SOCIO ECONOMIC AND GOVERNANCE SURVEY. PUBLISHED BY THE COUSTEAU SOCIETY, CUSTODIANS OF THE SEA • 4 EAST 27TH STREET • P.O. BOX 20321 • NEW YORK, NY 10001. 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Equipe Cousteau would like to thank the national and Red Sea state governmental bodies of Sudan, expecially the Governor of the Red Sea State of Sudan, The Honorable Mohammed Tahir Aila and the members of its government involved in this project. They shared with us the vision that Integrated Coastal Zone Management is a necessity for the development of the magnificent coast of the Red Sea State of Sudan. This project would not have been possible without the support of the European Commission and we wish to especially thank Mr Paul Symonds (former Food Security Coordinator, Delegation of The European Commission To Sudan) who was a very responsive and supportive officer in charge of the follow-up of this project, with a clear vision of environmental issues and opportunities for Sudan. We are grateful for the support given by PERSGA (The Regional Organization for the Conservation of the Environment of the Red Sea & Gulf of Aden) and want to especially thank Mrs Khulood Tubaishat (former Advisor for Policy and Coastal Governance, PERSGA). Without her continuous involvement and commitment to the project, and the high level advisory and political support she has provided, in Sudan and internationally, much less would have been achieved. We would like to highlight the role Mr Mohamed Younis Abdeslam, former officer of the Wildlife Administration, and Dr Rebecca Klaus for their continuous commitment to the creation and sustainable management of Sudanese marine protected areas. We are grateful for the support given by Mr Mustafa El Taïeb, former Director of the Division of Science Analysis and Policies (UNESCO, Natural Sciences Sector), Mr Natarajan Ishwaran, Director of the Division of Ecological and Earth Sciences, Mr Peter Dogse, Man and the Biosphere Programme (UNESCO, Division of Ecological Sciences) and Mr Ibrahim Sidibé, former Head of Office, UNESCO Sudan. We also want to thank Mr Abubaker Mustafa Mohammed Khair, founder and chairman of the Board of Trustees of The Future University, and the former Governor of the Red Sea State His Excellency Mr Hatem El-Wassila, for their early-stage support of this work and for helping to get the support of the highest political authorities in Sudan. Tarik Chekchak Director for Sciences & Environment 5 6 Foreword by Francine Cousteau IN THE FOOTSTEPS OF JACQUES COUSTEAU… Fifty years ago Jacques Cousteau’s Calypso dropped anchor on the coral reef Sha’ab Rumi off the coast of Sudan. It was there that Cousteau designed and built the first underwater village as a place to test the inven- tions he created that would enable people to live and work under the sea. The brave pioneers on his crew spent a month under water, brilliantly demonstrating the vision of Captain Cousteau. Their experiences and subsequent contributions to science – including invaluable achievements in training astronauts to work in a weightless environment – have been the subject of numerous scientific publications. In 2003/2004 the Cousteau Society retraced the Captain's steps with Aquanaut Claude Wesly, who in 1963 at Sha’ab Rumi had lived and slept in the village immersed under the sea, and later had seen images of it in the Captain’s “The World Without Sun” feature, which won an Oscar in 1964. This was a hugely emotional moment not only for Claude and the entire team, but also for some local Sudanese who recalled childhood memories of the Calypso and its Captain. Cousteau was always looking to the future and, as I thought of him and of the permanent residents of Sha’ab Rumi, I decided to use the occasion of our return to Sudan to establish a long-term goal of providing these men and women with highly-skilled work that will help them build their future. We have had boots on the ground since 2003, with dozens of top scientists from around the world producing a highly-detailed study on the Sudanese coast. As part of this effort, we created the UNESCO Cousteau University Chair in Khartoum. Since 2010, we have been developing a system of acoustic and satellite monitoring of sting rays and sharks in the Red Sea manned by Sudanese teams. Scientific discoveries already have been made on how coral adapts to extreme conditions, and on the hybridization of the species. The two volumes presented here are available to scientists and policy makers who need to take better care of fragile ecosystems for generations to come. I express my deep gratitude to all those who have helped us achieve this work that extends the path defined by Jacques Cousteau. Francine Cousteau President Team Cousteau The Cousteau Society 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS Credits .............................................................................................................................................................. 4 Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................................................... 5 Foreword ........................................................................................................................................................... 7 List of Acronyms ............................................................................................................................................... 10 Glossary ............................................................................................................................................................ 12 Executive Summary ......................................................................................................................................... 17 Summary of Key Findings for the ICZM Survey ..............................................................................................