ARCHIGOS A Data Set on Leaders 1875–2004 Version 2.9∗ c H. E. Goemans Kristian Skrede Gleditsch Giacomo Chiozza August 13, 2009 ∗We sincerely thank several users and commenters who have spotted errors or mistakes. In particular we would like to thank Kirk Bowman, Jinhee Choung, Ursula E. Daxecker, Tanisha Fazal, Kimuli Kasara, Brett Ashley Leeds, Nicolay Marinov, Won-Ho Park, Stuart A. Reid, Martin Steinwand and Ronald Suny. Contents 1 Codebook 1 2 CASE DESCRIPTIONS 5 2.1 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ................... 5 2.2 CANADA .................................. 7 2.3 BAHAMAS ................................. 9 2.4 CUBA .................................... 10 2.5 HAITI .................................... 14 2.6 DOMINICAN REPUBLIC ....................... 38 2.7 JAMAICA .................................. 79 2.8 TRINIDAD & TOBAGO ......................... 80 2.9 BARBADOS ................................ 81 2.10 MEXICO ................................... 82 2.11 BELIZE ................................... 85 2.12 GUATEMALA ............................... 86 2.13 HONDURAS ................................ 104 2.14 EL SALVADOR .............................. 126 2.15 NICARAGUA ............................... 149 2.16 COSTA RICA ............................... 173 2.17 PANAMA .................................. 194 2.18 COLOMBIA ................................. 203 2.19 VENEZUELA ................................ 209 2.20 GUYANA .................................. 218 2.21 SURINAM ................................. 219 2.22 ECUADOR ................................. 220 2.23 PERU ..................................... 235 2.24 BRAZIL ................................... 248 2.25 BOLIVIA .................................. 253 2.26 PARAGUAY ................................ 272 2.27 CHILE .................................... 283 2.28 ARGENTINA ............................... 292 2.29 URUGUAY ................................. 300 2.30 UNITED KINGDOM ........................... 311 2.31 IRELAND .................................. 313 2.32 NETHERLANDS ............................. 315 2.33 BELGIUM .................................. 317 2.34 LUXEMBOURG .............................. 320 2.35 FRANCE .................................. 321 2.36 SWITZERLAND .............................. 327 2.37 SPAIN .................................... 332 2.38 PORTUGAL ................................ 337 2.39 BAVARIA .................................. 341 2.40 GERMANY ................................. 342 2.41 GERMAN FEDERAL REPUBLIC .................. 344 2.42 GERMANY (DDR) ............................ 345 ii 2.43 BADEN ................................... 346 2.44 WURTTEMBERG¨ ............................. 347 2.45 HESSE-DARMSTADT .......................... 348 2.46 POLAND .................................. 349 2.47 AUSTRIA-HUNGARY .......................... 352 2.48 AUSTRIA .................................. 353 2.49 HUNGARY ................................. 356 2.50 CZECHOSLOVAKIA ........................... 359 2.51 THE CZECH REPUBLIC ........................ 361 2.52 SLOVAKIA ................................. 362 2.53 ITALY .................................... 363 2.54 MALTA ................................... 368 2.55 ALBANIA .................................. 369 2.56 SERBIA ................................... 372 2.57 MONTENEGRO .............................. 373 2.58 MACEDONIA ............................... 374 2.59 CROATIA .................................. 375 2.60 YUGOSLAVIA ............................... 376 2.61 BOSNIA ................................... 377 2.62 SLOVENIA ................................. 379 2.63 GREECE ................................... 380 2.64 CYPRUS ................................... 391 2.65 BULGARIA ................................. 392 2.66 MOLDOVA ................................. 395 2.67 RUMANIA ................................. 396 2.68 RUSSIA ................................... 398 2.69 ESTONIA .................................. 400 2.70 LATVIA ................................... 403 2.71 LITHUANIA ................................ 409 2.72 UKRAINE .................................. 411 2.73 ARMENIA ................................. 412 2.74 GEORGIA .................................. 413 2.75 AZERBAIJAN ............................... 416 2.76 FINLAND .................................. 418 2.77 SWEDEN .................................. 420 2.78 NORWAY .................................. 423 2.79 DENMARK ................................. 426 2.80 ICELAND .................................. 429 2.81 CAPE VERDE ISLANDS ........................ 431 2.82 GUINEA-BISSAU ............................. 432 2.83 EQUATORIAL GUINEA ........................ 437 2.84 GAMBIA .................................. 439 2.85 MALI ..................................... 440 2.86 SENEGAL .................................. 441 2.87 BENIN .................................... 442 2.88 MAURITANIA ............................... 448 iii 2.89 NIGER .................................... 453 2.90 COTEˆ D’IVOIRE ............................. 454 2.91 GUINEA ................................... 455 2.92 BURKINA FASO ............................. 458 2.93 LIBERIA ................................... 461 2.94 SIERRA LEONE .............................. 468 2.95 GHANA ................................... 470 2.96 TOGO .................................... 472 2.97 CAMEROON ................................ 474 2.98 NIGERIA .................................. 475 2.99 GABON ................................... 480 2.100CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC .................. 482 2.101CHAD .................................... 485 2.102CONGO ................................... 489 2.103DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO/ZAIRE ........ 492 2.104UGANDA .................................. 493 2.105KENYA ................................... 496 2.106TANZANIA/TANGANYIKA ...................... 497 2.107ZANZIBAR ................................. 498 2.108BURUNDI .................................. 499 2.109RWANDA .................................. 504 2.110SOMALIA .................................. 506 2.111DJIBOUTI ................................. 507 2.112ETHIOPIA ................................. 508 2.113ERITREA .................................. 512 2.114ANGOLA .................................. 513 2.115MOZAMBIQUE .............................. 514 2.116ZAMBIA ................................... 515 2.117ZIMBABWE ................................ 516 2.118MALAWI .................................. 517 2.119SOUTH AFRICA ............................. 519 2.120TRANSVAAL ................................ 521 2.121ORANGE FREE STATE ......................... 523 2.122NAMIBIA .................................. 524 2.123LESOTHO .................................. 525 2.124BOTSWANA ................................ 528 2.125SWAZILAND ................................ 529 2.126MADAGASCAR .............................. 532 2.127COMOROS ................................. 537 2.128MAURITIUS ................................ 548 2.129MOROCCO ................................. 550 2.130ALGERIA .................................. 551 2.131TUNESIA .................................. 553 2.132LIBYA .................................... 554 2.133THE SUDAN ................................ 555 2.134IRAN ..................................... 559 iv 2.135TURKEY .................................. 561 2.136IRAQ ..................................... 565 2.137EGYPT ................................... 567 2.138SYRIA .................................... 568 2.139LEBANON ................................. 572 2.140JORDAN .................................. 575 2.141ISRAEL ................................... 576 2.142SAUDI ARABIA .............................. 577 2.143YEMEN (ARAB REPUBLIC OF YEMEN) ............. 578 2.144YEMEN PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC(SOUTH YEMEN) ....... 580 2.145KUWAIT .................................. 582 2.146BAHRAIN .................................. 584 2.147QUATAR .................................. 585 2.148UNITED ARAB EMIRATES ...................... 586 2.149OMAN .................................... 587 2.150AFGHANISTAN .............................. 588 2.151TURKMENISTAN ............................ 600 2.152TAJIKISTAN ................................ 603 2.153KYRGYZ REPUBLIC .......................... 606 2.154UZBEKISTAN ............................... 607 2.155KAZAKHSTAN .............................. 608 2.156CHINA .................................... 609 2.157TIBET .................................... 612 2.158MONGOLIA ................................ 614 2.159TAIWAN ................................... 618 2.160KOREA ................................... 620 2.161NORTH KOREA .............................. 621 2.162SOUTH KOREA .............................. 622 2.163JAPAN .................................... 627 2.164INDIA .................................... 635 2.165BHUTAN .................................. 636 2.166PAKISTAN ................................. 638 2.167BANGLADESH .............................. 648 2.168MYANMAR (BURMA) ......................... 655 2.169SRI LANKA (CEYLON) ......................... 660 2.170MALDIVES ................................. 662 2.171NEPAL .................................... 666 2.172THAILAND ................................. 670 2.173CAMBODIA (KAMPUCHEA) ..................... 678 2.174LAOS ..................................... 680 2.175VIETNAM ................................. 687 2.176DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM ............ 690 2.177REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM ......................