5/2/2016 The Crop of the Day Strawberry Today’s Crop: Gift of Uto family (c) Paul Gepts 2016 2 1 5/2/2016 Today’s strawberries Watsonville, CA Traceability http://noursefarms.com/strawberry‐plants/monterey/ http://norcalnursery.com/monterey‐strawberry/ 3 (c) Paul Gepts 2016 Sources • Sauer JD (1993) Fragaria ‐ Strawberries. In: Historical geography of crop plants. CRC, Boca Raton, FL: pp. 127‐130 • Jones JK (1976) Strawberry, Fragaria ananassa (Rosaceae). In: N.W. Simmonds (ed), Evolution of crop plants, Longman, London: pp. 237‐242. • Margen, S (1992) The encyclopedia of health and nutrition. Random House, New York: pp. 209‐212 • Hummer, K.E., N. Bassil, and W. Njuguna. 2011. Fragaria. In: C. Kole, editor Wild crop relatives: genomic and breeding resources, Temperate fruits. Springer, Berlin. p. 17‐44. • Luby, J., J. Hancock, A. Dale, and S. Serçe. 2008. Reconstructing Fragaria × ananassa utilizing wild F. virginiana and F. chiloensis : inheritance of winter injury, photoperiod sensitivity, fruit size, female fertility and disease resistance in hybrid progenies. Euphytica 163: 57‐65. • Hokanson, K.E., M.J. Smith, A.M. Connor, J.J. Luby, and J.F. Hancock. 2006. Relationships among subspecies of New World octoploid strawberry species, Fragaria virginiana and Fragaria chiloensis, based on simple sequence repeat marker analysis. Canadian Journal of Botany 84: 1829‐1841. doi:10.1139/b06‐125. • NY Times: David Karp. Strawberries and dreams. April 13, 2005: http://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/13/dining/13stra.html?_r=0 • Finn, C.E., J.B. Retamales, G.A. Lobos, and J.F. Hancock, 2013: The Chilean strawberry (Fragaria chiloensis): over 1000 years of domestication. Hortscience 48, 418‐421. • Aharoni, A., A.P. Giri, F.W.A. Verstappen, C.M. Bertea, R. Sevenier, Z.K. Sun, M.A. Jongsma, W. Schwab, and H.J. Bouwmeester, 2004: Gain and loss of fruit flavor compounds produced by wild and cultivated strawberry species. Plant Cell 16, 3110‐3131. • Ulrich D, Olbricht K (2013) Diversity of volatile patterns in sixteen Fragaria vesca L. accessions in comparison to cultivars of Fragaria × ananassa. Journal of Applied Botany and Food Quality 86:37‐46 • California Giant Berry Farms: http://www.calgiant.com/our‐company • California Strawberry Commission: http://www.calstrawberry.com • What month do strawberries ripen in California? http://homeguides.sfgate.com/month‐strawberries‐ripen‐ california‐41182.html (c) Paul Gepts 2016 4 2 5/2/2016 Fragaria, the crop (I) • Main production areas: – temperate zones, some subtropical – China, USA, Mexico, Turkey, Spain • Yields: – seasonal variety: 10‐13 t/ha FAOSTAT data, 2016 (last accessed by Top 5 of Anything: March 2016). – ever‐bearing varieties: 50‐100 t/ha • Plants: – Perennial, herbaceous – Rosette of leaves, inflorescences, runners or stolons (= vegetative propagation) (c) Paul Gepts 2016 5 Where are strawberries grown in the U.S.? • 80% of US production in California: – Up until October, then Florida takes over • Average yield: 47,500 lbs/acre (~kg/ha) • Consumption: 6.1 lb/person; 80% fresh (c) Paul Gepts 2016 6 3 5/2/2016 Where are strawberries grown in CA? California Strawberry Commission • Fifth most valuable crop in CA (CDFA) • 40,000 acres: – Coastal California: San Diego to Monterey – Rich sandy soil – Temperate climates • Southern Area: – Fall & winter: Ventura Co.; – Late December –early January: Orange & San Diego counties – Staggered planting harvests from March into late fall • Northern Area: – Santa Cruz, Monterey, Santa Clara, San Benito counties: Watsonville, Salinas – Shipments start in April, peak in May or June, and continue through November (c) Paul Gepts 2016 7 Fragaria, the crop (II) • (False) Fruits: – Enlarged fleshy receptacle – Growth stimulated by true fruits = achenes • Uses: – fresh – processed: canning, jams, freezing, flavoring, confectionary • Nutrition: – Highest content of all the berries in vit. C: 1/2 cup = 70% RDA – 1/2 cup = more fiber than one slice of whole wheat bread (c) Paul Gepts 2016 8 4 5/2/2016 Fragaria, the genus • Rosaceae – several 10s of species forming polyploid series: 2n=2x to 2n=8x (octoploids), with x = 7; autopolyploid • Distribution: – Europe and Americas: temperate and subarctic • Reproduction: – wild polyploid: dioecious; cultivated: hermaphroditic, but cross‐pollination is preferred for full seed set. – vegetative: "runners" • Dispersal: seeds, by birds (c) Paul Gepts 2016 9 Several species of strawberries • Upper right: Everbearers: varieties Seascape, Ogallala • Upper left: Musk strawberry: variety Profumata di Tortona • Lower: White & red alpine Dallas Fruit Grower strawberries (F. vesca) (c) Paul Gepts 2016 10 5 5/2/2016 Fragaria vesca ‐ Wood strawberry, Fraise des Bois, Alpine strawberry • Diploid, 2n=2x=14 • Monoecious • Distribution: most common wild diploid – meadows, forest margins – temperate Eurasia, North America • Archaeology: – Seeds from Neolithic, Roman, Medieval • Cultivation: – Probably by Romans – In Renaissance: food, ornament, medicine (see herbals) ‐‐> larger fruits – Selection: larger fruits, longer‐bearing; white‐fruited (birds!) – Still widely planted for home use (c) Paul Gepts 2016 11 Fragaria moschata ‐ Musk or hautbois strawberry or bubbleberry • Hexaploid, 2n=6x=42 • Dioecious • Distribution: – France, southern Europe, Russia, Siberia • Incipient domestication: – Wallonia, Germany, France: 15th‐17th century – Domestication arrested by introduction of the two following species from the Americas – Still grown for flavor and aroma; no increase in fruit size (c) Paul Gepts 2016 12 6 5/2/2016 Fragaria virginiana ‐ Virginia or scarlet strawberry • Octoploid, 2n=8x=56 • Woods and meadows of North America, from East coast to Rocky Mountains and from New Mexico to Alaska • Famous quote: from Roger Williams (1643): "...this berry is the wonder of all fruits growing naturally in these parts. It is of itself excellent so that one of the chiefest doctors of England was wont to say, that God could have made, but never did make a better berry. In some parts where the Indians have planted, I have many times seen as many as would fill a good ship, within few miles compass.... • 1620s: cultivation in Europe: – selection of hermaphroditic cultivars – A few varieties still grown: unique flavor (c) Paul Gepts 2016 13 Fragaria chiloensis ‐ the Chilean strawberry (Island of Chiloe) • Octoploid, 2n=8x=56 • Origin: – probably on Pacific coast (sand dunes) of North America – dispersal by migratory birds to Hawaii, southern Chile, Argentina: wild populations in Chile • Domestication: – by Araucanians in Chile – planting runners, selection for larger fruits, different colors (red, yellow, white) • Dispersal: – by Spaniards: during 16th‐17th centuries in cool highlands of Latin America – by French (naval officer Frezier) around 1715: to Paris, 5 female plants: white to pinkish, large fruits; domesticated by Mapuches – production in Brittany around 1750 by interplanting with F. moschata and F. virginiana (sources of pollen) (c) Paul Gepts 2016 14 http://elefectorayleigh.wordpress.com/2013/08/15/el‐curioso‐origen‐de‐las‐frutillas/ 7 5/2/2016 The voyages of F. chiloensis (c) Paul Gepts 2016 15 Finn et al. 2013 Fragaria ananassa ‐ the garden strawberry or pineapple strawberry • Octoploid, 2n=2x=56 • Origin: – cross F. chiloensis x F. virginiana – combines larger fruit size of F.c. and hermaphroditism of F.v. – recognized by Antoine Nicolas Duchesne (1766): repeated the cross and grew progeny, which matched F. ananassa in appearance. His theory was only accepted in 20th century. He was well‐ahead of his time not only because of his finding but also because of his methodology. • History: – became main strawberry – additional diversity from California races of F. chiloense ‐‐> "everbearing" type, with greatly extended season – cross between F. ananassa and Rocky mountain race of F. virginiana: drought, low temperatures • F.v. and F.c. both donors of additional disease resistances 16 (c) Paul Gepts 2016 8 5/2/2016 Relationships among New World strawberries (Hokanson et al. 2006) • N = 111 S. American F. x ananassae accessions; F. chiloensis 5 SSRs F. virginiana N. American F. chiloensis Hawaiian F. chiloensis (c) Paul Gepts 2016 17 Reconstructing the modern strawberry • “…substantial breeding progress can be made by reconstructing F. x ananassa if care is taken to select elite, complementary genotypes of F. virginiana and F. chiloensis.” • Large fruit, high fertility, disease resistance, winter hardiness, photoperiod sensitivity, spring bloom date (c) Paul Gepts 2016 18 9 5/2/2016 More recently, the search for a better tasting strawberry • 'Mara des Bois' strawberry: out of this world flavor! (photo P. Gepts) • Developed by Marionnet, French breeding company • Article in NY Times (April 13, 2005) • Ulrich & Olbricht 2013: “In strawberries, like in other fruits, the flavors appreciated by consumers are best represented in old cultivars and so‐called land races or heirloom varieties (Alston, 1992). Breeding activities of the past decades on F. × ananassa cultivars for high‐yielding and firm strawberries were accompanied with a dramatic loss of genetic diversity in modern cultivars.” (c) Paul Gepts 2016 19 Some related sites of interest • Strawberry as ground cover (from North Carolina State U.) • California Strawberry Commission: http://www.californiastrawberries.com • Oregon Strawberry Commission (c) Paul Gepts 2016 20 10.