IMSU JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION STUDIES A PUBLICATION OF THE DEPARTMENT OF MASS COMMUNICATION, IMO STATE UNIVERSITY, OWERRI VOLUME 3 ISSN: 2682-6321 E-ISSN: 2705-2240 2019 IMSU Journal of Communication Studies, Vol. 3, 2019 @copyright IMSU JCS 2019 All Rights Reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form by means of electronics, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher. ii IMSU Journal of Communication Studies, Vol. 3, 2019 ABOUT IMSU JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION STUDIES (IMSU JCS) IMSU Journal of Communication Studies (IMSU JCS) is a blind peer reviewed journal published annually by the Department of Mass Communication, Imo State University, Owerri. The journal accepts papers from all areas of Mass Communication and other communication related discipline. The journal accepts both empirical and position papers of high quality. All articles for submission must be original to the author(s) and free from plagiarism. The purpose of IMSU Journal of Communication Studies is to contribute to the body of knowledge in the field of communication and media studies. The journal is both in print and electronic version. The electronic version is an open access journal. Author shall be entitled to one copy of the volume in which his/her article appears. In the case of a co-author, the authors shall have only one complimentary copy and will be given more copies upon request and payment of certain amount which will be stipulated. Author(s) are expected to have their work written in UK English with proper grammar and spellings. The journal will not be responsible for correcting the grammatical errors in a given paper. If the errors in a work are much, the editorial team of the journal reserves the right to reject the paper. Guidelines for Submission of Articles · Papers should bear the title, name of author(s) (surname first), institution(s)/affiliation(s), email address(es) on the cover page. · Papers must have abstract of not more than 250 words in single line spacing and 5 key words. · All text should be in Times New Roman and in 12pt font size using double line spacing. Text should be justified. After each subhead text should be in block paragraph and subsequent paragraphs indented. · Text should not be less than 6 pages and should not exceed maximum of 15 pages. · Authors should guard against table reading as much as possible. · We do not accept the use of 5 point Likert scale for analysis, 4 point is preferable. · Paper(s) submitted should not be under consideration elsewhere. · All in-text citations and references should strictly conform to APA 6th edition. iii IMSU Journal of Communication Studies, Vol. 3, 2019 Submission All papers are to be submitted electronically as a Microsoft Office word document attachment to [email protected] alongside evidence of payment of assessment fee of 5,000. Authors whose papers are accepted after the blind peer review will be required to pay a publication fee of 15,000. Authors will be communicated the decision of the editorial board on the status of their submitted papers. iv IMSU Journal of Communication Studies, Vol. 3, 2019 EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Anyanwu BJC, Ph.D Department of Mass Communication Imo State University, Owerri MANAGING EDITOR Dr Alexander Chima Onyebuchi EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD Prof. Dede Konkwo Imo State University, Owerri, Nigeria Prof. Victor Kogah Imo State University, Owerri, Nigeria Prof. Des Wilson University of Uyo, Akwa-Ibom State, Nigeria Prof. John Sambe University of Benin, Edo State, Nigeria Prof. Sunny Udeze Enugu State University of Science and Technology Prof. Nnanyelugo Okoro University of Nigeria, Nsukka EDITORIAL BOARD Prof. Emman-Owums Owuamalam Anambra State University, Anambra State, Nigeria Prof. Cosmas Nwokeafor Bowie State University, USA Prof. Charles Okigbo North Dakota State University, USA Prof. Stella C. Okunna Nnamdi Azikwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria Dr Nkem Fab-Ukozor Imo State University, Owerri, Nigeria Dr K. O. Nworgu Imo State University, Owerri, Nigeria Dr Paul Martin Obayi Godfrey Okoye University Enugu State, Nigeria Dr Luke I. Anorue University of Nigeria, Nsukka Dr Chris Ngwu Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Nigeria Dr Adline Nkwam-Uwaoma Imo State University, Owerri, Nigeria Dr Christian Odoemelam Igbinedion University, Okada, Edo State, Nigeria Dr Ifeoma Orjiakor Imo State University, Owerri, Nigeria Dr Okwudiri Ekwe Samuel Adegboyega University, Edo State, Nigeria Dr Andrew Apeh Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Nigeria Dr Peace Ireju Amannah Rivers State University, Nkpolu- Oroworukwo, Port Harcourt v IMSU Journal of Communication Studies, Vol. 3, 2019 NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS Acholonu Ijeoma Jacquelyn is a lecturer in International Institute of Journalism, Abuja. Aluka N. Cynthia is a lecturer in the Department of Mass Communication, Imo State Polytechnic, Umuagwo. Amannah Peace Ireju, Ph.D is a lecturer in the Department of Mass Communication Rivers State University Nkpolu-Oroworukwo, Port Harcourt, Nigeria Anele Miracle Chukwuemeka is a graduate of Mass Communication, Imo State University Owerri, Nigeria. Angese E. John is a Postgraduate Student in the Department of Mass Communication, Imo State University, Owerri. Anorue Luke Ifeanyi Ph.D is a lecturer in the Department of Mass Communication, University of Nigeria, Nsukka. Anyanwu BJC, Ph.D is a lecturer in the Department of Mass Communication, Imo State University, Owerri and specializes in Advertising and Public Relations. He has engaged in lots of academic activities and is widely published. Benjamin C. Onwukwalonye, Ph.D is a lecturer in the Department of Mass Communication, Godfrey Okoye University, Enugu, Enugu State. Cajetan Iheanacho, Ph.D is a lecturer in the Department of Mass Communication, Imo State University Owerri. Chukwudubem Chukwugozie Umeora is a lecturer in the Department of Mass Communication, Godfrey Okoye University, Enugu, Enugu State. Dike Mba Onu ia a doctoral student in the Department of Mass Communication, Imo State University Owerri, Nigeria. Duru Ngozi is a doctoral student of the Department of Mass Communication Imo State University, Owerri. Emeana Ogechi Gift is a post-doctoral student of the Department of Mass Communication, Imo State University, Owerri. Etumnu Emeka Williams is a Postgraduate Student in the Department of Mass Communication, Imo State University, Owerri and assistant research consultant to MEGEIN. Ezema Louis, Ph.D is a lecturer in the Department of Mass Communication, Godfrey Okoye University, Enugu, Enugu State. vi IMSU Journal of Communication Studies, Vol. 3, 2019 Ezinwa Chidi, Ph.D is a lecturer in the Department of Mass Communication, Enugu State University of Science and Technology Fab-Ukozor Nkem Ph.D is a lecturer in the Department of Mass Communication, Imo State University Owerri. She specialises in Development Communication, and has published widely. Fiberesima Sampson Ibunemi is of the Department of Mass Communication, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt. Gelsthorpe John is a doctoral student of the Department of Mass Communication, Imo State University, Owerri. Iroegbu Chioma Anne is a postgraduate Student in the Department of Mass Communication, Imo State University, Owerri Jesse Okedi is of the Department of Mass Communication Rivers State University Nkpolu-Oroworukwo, Port Harcourt, Nigeria Jumbo N. Cynthia is a doctoral student in the Department of Mass Communication, Imo State University, Owerri Mbiereagu B. Uchechi is a doctoral student in the Department of Mass Communication, Imo state University, Owerri. Miriam Odoh is a postgraduate student in the Department of Mass Communication, Godfrey Okoye University, Enugu, Enugu State. Nkwam-Uwaoma Adeline, PhD is a lecturer in the Department of Mass Communication, Imo State University Owerri, Nigeria Nnah C. Florence is a lecturer in the Department of Mass Communication, Imo State University, Owerri Nwogwugwu Samuel is a doctoral student in the Department of Mass Communication, Imo State University. Nwosu O. Michael is a lecturer in the Department of Mass Communication, Godfrey Okoye University, Enugu, Enugu State. Nzekwe Nnamdi George is a lecturer in the Department of Mass Communication, Godfrey Okoye University, Enugu State. Obayi Paul Martin, Ph.D is a lecturer in the Department of Mass Communication, Godfrey Okoye University, Enugu, Enugu State. Obioha K. Benjamin is a lecturer in the Department of Mass Communication, Federal Polytechnic, Oko, Anambra State. Ojiakor-Umenze Ifeoma, Ph.D is a lecturer in the Department of Mass vii IMSU Journal of Communication Studies, Vol. 3, 2019 Communication, Imo State University Owerri, Nigeria. Okalla U. Fabian Ph.D is an instructor in the Department of Mass Communication, Imo State University Owerri. Okodogbe Peggy Ezinne is a doctoral student of Mass Communication Department, Imo State University, Owerri. She is a news editor at IBC/Orient FM/TV Owerri, Imo State. Okoli Angela Maria (Rev. Sr) is a doctoral student in the Department of Mass Communication, Imo state University, Owerri. Okolichukwu, Adaugo V. is a doctoral student in the Department of Mass Communication, Imo State University, Owerri. Okoro, Joseph Olughu ia a senior lecturer in the department of Mass Communication, Federal Polytechnic Nekede, Owerri Okoro Louisa Nkechi is a Doctoral Student in the Department of Mass Communication, Imo State University, Owerri. Okoro Ugochi Comfort is a postgraduate