Bash 101 Intro to Shell Scripting; Lightning Updated: 2015-11-16 JP Vossen, CISSP bashcookbook.com http://www.jpsdomain.org/public/bash_101_lightning.pdf http://www.jpsdomain.org/public/bash_101_lightning.odp What is a “shell script?” Fundamentally just a list of commands to run May use arguments, variables, various control logic and arithmetic to figure out what to run when bash is integer only, other shells may not be Plain text file Used on CLI only Builds on: The “Unix” tool philosophy The “Unix” everything-is-a-file philosophy Why should I care? You can write new commands! Save time & effort and make life easier E.g., if you always type in four commands to accomplish some task, type them once into an editor, add a “shebang” line and comments, save and set execute permissions. You now have a shell script! Automation cron Consistency & Reliability (Process) Documentation One-liners How do I get started? Fire up an editor #!/bin/bash - echo 'Hello world, my first shell script!' chmod +r script bash 'help' command! 'help set' vs. 'man set' basic operation is invocation = you run stuff Most of a Linux system is run by shell scripts. They are everywhere, find some and read them. Everything in /etc/init.d/ for i in /bin/*; do file $i | grep -q 'shell script' && echo $i; done # You will be surprised! Positional Parameters “Main” script: $0 $1 $2 $3 myscript foo bar baz $# = number of parms $* = “$1 $2 $3” # a single string of all parms, separated by first character of $IFS (Internal Field Separator) “$@” = “$1” “$2” .. “$N” # For re-use later Reset inside a function $1 = first arg to function, not script But use $FUNCNAME instead of $0 Quotes The shell re-writes the line White space is a delimiter! Quoting Use ' ' unless you are interpolating $variables, then use " " echo 'foo' echo "$foo" grep 'foo' /path/to/file grep "$regex" /path/to/file Except when it's not. Can make your head hurt. Variables USE GOOD NAMES!!! No $ or spaces around = when assigning: foo='bar' foo="bar$baz" $ when referencing value: echo "$foo" Append: foo="$foo bar" Needs ${} if variable followed by [a-zA-Z_0-9] foo="foo $bar baz" # OK foo="foo${bar}baz" # $bar needs ${} debugging DO NOT CALL YOUR TEST SCRIPT 'test'! PS4='+xtrace $LINENO: ' First character is duplicated to show nesting level, that's why I have '+' there $LINENO should be in the default PS4 prompt! bash -n path/to/script # gross syntax check bash -x path/to/script # run-time debugging set -x & set +x # debug on / off set -v & set +v # verbose on / off URLs, Wrap-up and Q&A URLs: TONS of resources: http://www.bashcookbook.com/bashinfo/ These slides: http://www.jpsdomain.org/public/bash_101_lightning.pdf or http://www.jpsdomain.org/public/bash_101_lightning.odp Bash vs. Dash: http://www.jpsdomain.org/public/2008-JP_bash_vs_dash.pdf and aptitude install devscripts then use checkbashisms The sample script: http://www.jpsdomain.org/public/cdburn STDIN, STDOUT, STDERR: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_streams Revision Control: http://www.jpsdomain.org/public/Revision_Control_for_the_Rest_of_Us.pdf and (older) http://www.jpsdomain.org/public/PANTUG_2007-06-13_appd=Revision_Control=JP.pdf Windows Shell Scripting (cmd.exe): http://www.jpsdomain.org/windows/winshell.html BASH Prompt HOWTO: http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Bash-Prompt-HOWTO/index.html Cygwin: http://www.cygwin.com/ UnxUtils: http://unxutils.sourceforge.net/ GNU Win32 ports: http://sourceforge.net/projects/gnuwin32/ Win32 Perl http://www.activestate.com/solutions/perl/ Mac; this is awesome http://examples.oreilly.com/0636920032731/Terminal_Crash_Course.pdf Questions? I'm on the PLUG list... [email protected] .