TAXON: Tithonia diversifolia SCORE: 23.0 RATING: High Risk (Hemsl.) A. Gray Taxon: Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray Family: Asteraceae Common Name(s): Japanese sunflower Synonym(s): Mirasolia diversifolia Hemsl. Mexican sunflower Mexican sunflower weed shrub sunflower tree marigold Assessor: No Assessor Status: Assessor Approved End Date: 8 Jun 2018 WRA Score: 23.0 Designation: H(HPWRA) Rating: High Risk Keywords: Ornamental Shrub, Crop Weed, Allelopathic, Dense Stands, Wind-Dispersed Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? 103 Does the species have weedy races? Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 y Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y=1, n=0 y subtropical climates Does the species have a history of repeated introductions 205 outside its natural range? 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2), n= question 205 y 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 304 Environmental weed 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic y=1, n=0 y 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1 n 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 n 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 n Creation Date: 8 Jun 2018 (Tithonia diversifolia Page 1 of 20 (Hemsl.) A. Gray) TAXON: Tithonia diversifolia SCORE: 23.0 RATING: High Risk (Hemsl.) A. Gray Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 n Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone 410 y=1, n=0 y conditions if not a volcanic island) 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 y 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs 504 y=1, n=0 n -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native 601 y=1, n=0 n habitat 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally 604 Self-compatible or apomictic 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 y 607 Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 1 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants 701 y=1, n=-1 y growing in heavily trafficked areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 y 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 y 705 Propagules water dispersed y=1, n=-1 y 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 n 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 y 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) y=1, n=-1 y Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 802 yr) 803 Well controlled by herbicides y=-1, n=1 y 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire y=1, n=-1 y Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced 805 biocontrol agents) Creation Date: 8 Jun 2018 (Tithonia diversifolia Page 2 of 20 (Hemsl.) A. Gray) TAXON: Tithonia diversifolia SCORE: 23.0 RATING: High Risk (Hemsl.) A. Gray Supporting Data: Qsn # Question Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? n Source(s) Notes Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R.& Sohmer, S.H. 1999. Manual of [No evidence of domestication] "Native to Mexico, naturalized in the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. University many tropical countries;" of Hawai͚i Press and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. 2018. Personal Communication NA 103 Does the species have weedy races? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. 2018. Personal Communication NA Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" Source(s) Notes "Native Northern America USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. NORTHERN MEXICO: Mexico [Sinaloa] 2018. National Plant Germplasm System [Online SOUTHERN MEXICO: Mexico [Campeche, Chiapas, Guerrero, Database]. http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/index.html. Michoacan, Oaxaca, Quintana Roo, Tabasco, Veracruz, Yucatan] [Accessed 7 Jun 2018] Southern America CENTRAL AMERICA: Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama" 202 Quality of climate match data High Source(s) Notes USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. 2018. National Plant Germplasm System [Online Database]. http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/index.html. [Accessed 7 Jun 2018] 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y Source(s) Notes "Hardiness: USDA Zones 9 - 11. Light frosts and freezes will kill Floridata. 2018. Tithonia diversifolia. Bolivian sunflowers to the ground, but if the damage isn't too bad, https://floridata.com/Plants/Asteraceae/Tithonia they come back in spring. Some people have had success with this %20diversifolia/1098. [Accessed 7 Jun 2018] tropical in Zone 8. In frost free climates, this sunflower can achieve the proportions of a small house." Creation Date: 8 Jun 2018 (Tithonia diversifolia Page 3 of 20 (Hemsl.) A. Gray) TAXON: Tithonia diversifolia SCORE: 23.0 RATING: High Risk (Hemsl.) A. Gray Qsn # Question Answer Dave's Garden. 2018. Tithonia Species, Mexican "Hardiness: Sunflower, Bolivian Sunflower, Marigold Tree - Tithonia USDA Zone 9a: to -6.6 °C (20 °F) diversifolia. USDA Zone 9b: to -3.8 °C (25 °F) https://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/59827/. [Accessed USDA Zone 10a: to -1.1 °C (30 °F) 7 Jun 2018] USDA Zone 10b: to 1.7 °C (35 °F)" Collected from 0 - 30 m, 16°24'00"N to 2800 m, 15°30'35"N Tropicos.org. 2018. Missouri Botanical Garden. [Occupies an elevation range >2000 m, demonstrating http://www.tropicos.org/. [Accessed ] environmental versatility] Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y subtropical climates Source(s) Notes Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R.& Sohmer, S.H. 1999. Manual of "Native to Mexico, naturalized in many tropical countries; in Hawai'i the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. University originally grown as an ornamental, now naturalized in low elevation of Hawai͚i Press and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. sites on Kaua'i, O'ahu, Maui, and Hawai'i." Creation Date: 8 Jun 2018 (Tithonia diversifolia Page 4 of 20 (Hemsl.) A. Gray) TAXON: Tithonia diversifolia SCORE: 23.0 RATING: High Risk (Hemsl.) A. Gray Qsn # Question Answer "Native Northern America NORTHERN MEXICO: Mexico [Sinaloa] SOUTHERN MEXICO: Mexico [Campeche, Chiapas, Guerrero, Michoacan, Oaxaca, Quintana Roo, Tabasco, Veracruz, Yucatan] Southern America CENTRAL AMERICA: Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama Cultivated (cult. throughout tropics & subtropics) Adventive Africa MACARONESIA: Spain [Canary Islands] Naturalized Africa NORTHEAST TROPICAL AFRICA: Chad, Ethiopia EAST TROPICAL AFRICA: Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda WEST-CENTRAL TROPICAL AFRICA: Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Rwanda, Zaire WEST TROPICAL AFRICA: Cote D'Ivoire, Guinea, Nigeria, Togo SOUTH TROPICAL AFRICA: Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe SOUTHERN AFRICA: South Africa, [KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo] Swaziland WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN: Mauritius, Mayotte, Reunion Asia-Temperate USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. CHINA: China [Guangdong, Yunnan] 2018. National Plant Germplasm System [Online EASTERN ASIA: Taiwan Database]. http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/index.html. Asia-Tropical [Accessed 7 Jun 2018] INDIAN SUBCONTINENT: India, Nepal, Sri Lanka PAPUASIA: Papua New Guinea INDO-CHINA: Myanmar, Thailand MALESIA: Malaysia, Philippines Australasia AUSTRALIA: Australia [New South Wales, Queensland] Northern America SOUTHEASTERN U.S.A.: United States [Florida] SOUTH-CENTRAL U.S.A.: United States [Texas] Pacific NORTH-CENTRAL PACIFIC: United States [Hawaii] SOUTH-CENTRAL PACIFIC: Cook Islands, French Polynesia SOUTHWESTERN PACIFIC: Fiji, New Caledonia, Niue, Samoa, Tonga, Vanuatu Southern America CARIBBEAN: Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Cuba, Dominica, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Hispaniola, Jamaica, Martinique, Montserrat, Puerto Rico, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, [Trinidad] Virgin Islands (British) [Tortola] NORTHERN SOUTH AMERICA: Venezuela BRAZIL: Brazil WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA: Colombia, Ecuador [Galapagos Islands] SOUTHERN SOUTH AMERICA: Chile [Easter Island]" Creation Date: 8 Jun 2018 (Tithonia diversifolia Page 5 of 20 (Hemsl.) A. Gray) TAXON: Tithonia diversifolia SCORE: 23.0 RATING: High Risk (Hemsl.) A. Gray Qsn # Question Answer Does the species have a history of repeated 205 introductions outside its natural range? Source(s) Notes "In the 1960s. T. diversifolia was introduced from Central America Ayeni, A. O., Lordbanjou, D. T., & Majek, B. A. (1997). into the farm settlement schemes of the then Western Nigeria. Tithonia diversifolia (Mexican sunflower) in southͲwestern covering what is now Lagos. Ogun. Ondo, Osun and Oyo states. as a Nigeria: occurrence and growth habit. Weed Research, 37 source of green manure (Akobundu & Agyakwa, 1987; Anonymous, (6), 443-449 1994; Ayeni et al. 1997)." Muoghalu, J. I., & Chuba, D. K. (2005). Seed germination "In West Africa, Tithornia diversifolia has been reported to be and reproductive strategies of Tithonia diversifolia introduced as an ornamental plant [1] and with imported grains (Hemsl.) Gray and Tithonia rotundifolia (PM) Blake.