ATTP 3-97.11/MCRP 3-35.1D (FM 31-70 and FM 31-71) Cold Region Operations JANUARY 2011 DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Headquarters, Department of the Army This publication is available at Army Knowledge Online (www.us.army.mil) and General Dennis J. Reimer Training and Doctrine Digital Library at (www.train.army.mil). ATTP 3-97.11/MCRP 3-35.1D (FM 31-70 and FM 31-71), C1 Change No. 1 Headquarters Department of the Army Washington, DC, 10 June 2011 Cold Region Operations 1. This change rescinds paragraphs 2-63 through 2-66 and re-numbers paragraphs 2-67 through 2-82 for consecution. 2. ATTP 3-97.11/MCRP 3-35.1D, 28 January 2011, is changed as follows: Remove Old Pages Insert New Pages pages i through ii pages i through ii pages 2-15 through 2-18 pages 2-15 through 2-17 3. New or changed material is indicated by an asterisk (*). 4. File this transmittal sheet in front of the publication for reference purposes. DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. By order of the Secretary of the Army: MARTIN E. DEMPSEY General, United States Army Chief of Staff Official: JOYCE E. MORROW Administrative Assistant to the Secretary of the Army 1113104 DISTRIBUTION: Active Army, Army National Guard, and United States Army Reserve: Not to be distributed. Electronic media only. PCN: 144 00019100. PIN: 100721-001 This page intentionally left blank. *ATTP 3-97.11 MCRP 3-35.1D Army Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures Headquarters No. 3-97.11 Department of the Army Washington, DC Marine Corps Reference Publication Headquarters No. 3-35.1D Marine Corps Combat Development Command Department of the Navy Headquarters United States Marine Corp 28 January 2011 Cold Region Operations Contents Page PREFACE.............................................................................................................. iv INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... v Chapter 1 DEFINITION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF COLD REGIONS ........................ 1-1 Defining Cold Regions ........................................................................................ 1-1 Mountains and Cold Regions ............................................................................. 1-2 Influence of Oceans and Land Masses .............................................................. 1-4 Terrain Characteristics ....................................................................................... 1-4 Terrain Analysis .................................................................................................. 1-6 Weather Characteristics ..................................................................................... 1-7 Chapter 2 CONDUCTING FULL SPECTRUM OPERATIONS IN COLD REGIONS ......... 2-1 Offensive Operations .......................................................................................... 2-1 Defensive Operations ....................................................................................... 2-12 Stability Operations ......................................................................................... 2-16* Civil Support Operations .................................................................................. 2-17* Chapter 3 CONSIDERATIONS FOR OPERATIONS IN COLD REGIONS ........................ 3-1 Personnel Considerations .................................................................................. 3-1 Weapons Considerations ................................................................................. 3-18 Tactical Considerations .................................................................................... 3-23 Chapter 4 MOVEMENT AND MANEUVER/FIRES AND MANEUVER (USMC) IN COLD REGIONS ........................................................................................................... 4-1 Movement by Individuals .................................................................................... 4-1 Movement by Vehicles ....................................................................................... 4-4 Distribution Restriction: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. *This publication supersedes FM 31-70, dated 12 April 1968, and FM 31-71, dated 21 June 1971. Marine Corps PCN: 14400019100 i Contents Movement Over Water ..................................................................................... 4-12 Movement by Air ............................................................................................... 4-12 Chapter 5 SUSTAINMENT IN COLD REGIONS ................................................................ 5-1 Sustainment Plans .............................................................................................. 5-1 Considerations .................................................................................................... 5-1 Movement Requirements ................................................................................... 5-1 Chapter 6 APPLYING COMBAT POWER IN COLD REGIONS ........................................ 6-1 Leadership .......................................................................................................... 6-1 Movement and Maneuver ................................................................................... 6-1 Intelligence ......................................................................................................... 6-1 Fires .................................................................................................................... 6-2 Sustainment ........................................................................................................ 6-3 Command and Control ....................................................................................... 6-4 Protection............................................................................................................ 6-4 Appendix A ARMY COLD WEATHER UNIFORM AND EQUIPMENT POSTURE ............... A-1 Appendix B ARMY COMPATIBLE HEATERS AND TENTS ................................................ B-1 SOURCE NOTES .......................................................................... Source Notes-1 GLOSSARY .......................................................................................... Glossary-1 REFERENCES .................................................................................. References-1 INDEX .......................................................................................................... Index-1 Figures Figure 1-1. Cold regions of the world ..................................................................................... 1-1 Figure 1-2. Mountain regions of the world .............................................................................. 1-3 Figure 1-3. Extent of boreal forests (taiga) ............................................................................. 1-5 Figure 1-4. Daylight chart ..................................................................................................... 1-11 Figure 2-1. Frame of infrared counterdetection (thermal) shelter .......................................... 2-5 Figure 2-2. Covered frame of infrared counterdetection (thermal) shelter ............................. 2-6 Figure 2-3. Snow-covered frame of infrared counterdetection (thermal) shelter ................... 2-6 Figure 2-4. Camouflage for thick woods ................................................................................. 2-7 Figure 2-5. Camouflage for low brush or light scrub .............................................................. 2-7 Figure 2-6. Camouflage for trails and roads ........................................................................... 2-8 Figure 2-7. Camouflage for above tree line and in open field ................................................ 2-8 Figure 2-8. Standing position .................................................................................................. 2-9 Figure 2-9. Kneeling position ................................................................................................ 2-10 Figure 2-10. Prone position .................................................................................................. 2-10 Figure 2-11. Platform-assisted firing position ....................................................................... 2-10 Figure 2-12. Classic snow shoe ........................................................................................... 2-11 Figure 2-13. Modular steel traction snowshoe ..................................................................... 2-12 Figure 2-14. Method of placing charges in ice ..................................................................... 2-14 Figure 3-1. Generation II ECWCS base layer and polar fleece top and bottom .................. 3-13 ii ATTP 3-97.11/MCRP 3-35.1D, C1 10 June 2011 Contents Figure 3-2. Generation II ECWCS liners cold weather coat and trousers and outer layer ..................................................................................................................3-14 Figure 3-3. Generation III ECWCS layers 1 and 2 ...............................................................3-16 Figure 3-4. Generation III ECWCS layers 3 and 4 ...............................................................3-17 Figure 3-5. Generation III ECWCS layers 5, 6 and 7 ...........................................................3-18 Figure 4-1. Standing firing position with skis ..........................................................................4-4