ISSN 0031 - 9465 PHYTOPATHOLOGIA MEDITERRANEA PHYTOPATHOLOGIA PHYTOPATHOLOGIA MEDITERRANEAVolume 58 • No. 2 • August 2019 Plant health and food safety Volume 58 • Number 2 • Iscritto al Tribunale di Firenze con il n° 4923del 5-1-2000 - Poste Italiane Spa Spedizione in Abbonamento Postale 70% DCB FIRENZE di Firenze Iscritto al Tribunale August 2019 Pages 219-449 FIRENZE The international journal of the UNIVERSITY Mediterranean Phytopathological Union PRESS PHYTOPATHOLOGIA MEDITERRANEA Plant health and food safety Te international journal edited by the Mediterranean Phytopathological Union founded by A. Ciccarone and G. Goidànich Phytopathologia Mediterranea is an international journal edited by the Mediterranean Phytopathological Union The journal’s mission is the promotion of plant health for Mediterranean crops, climate and regions, safe food production, and the transfer of knowledge on diseases and their sustainable management. The journal deals with all areas of plant pathology, including epidemiology, disease control, biochemical and physiological aspects, and utilization of molecular technologies. All types of plant pathogens are covered, including fungi, nematodes, protozoa, bacteria, phytoplasmas, viruses, and viroids. Papers on mycotoxins, biological and integrated management of plant diseases, and the use of natural substances in disease and weed control are also strongly encouraged. The journal focuses on pathology of Mediterranean crops grown throughout the world. The journal includes three issues each year, publishing Reviews, Original research papers, Short notes, New or unusual disease reports, News and opinion, Current topics, Commentaries, and Letters to the Editor. EDITORS-IN-CHIEF Laura Mugnai – University of Florence, DAGRI, Plant pathology and Richard Falloon – New Zealand Institute for Plant & Entomology section, P.le delle Cascine 28, 50144 Firenze, Italy Food Research, Private Bag 4704, Christchurch 8108, New Phone: +39 055 2755861 Zealand E-mail: [email protected] Phone: +64 3 3259499; Fax: +64 3 3253864 E-mail: [email protected] CONSULTING EDITORS A. Phillips, BioISI, University of Lisbon, Portugal G. Surico, DAGRI, University of Florence, Italy EDITORIAL BOARD I.M. de O. Abrantes, Universidad de Coimbra, T.A. Evans, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA L. Palou, Centre de Tecnologia Postcollita, Valen- Portugal M. Garbelotto, University of California, Berke- cia, Spain J. Armengol, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, ley, CA, USA E. Paplomatas, Agricultural University of Ath- Spain L. Ghelardini, University of Florence, Italy ens, Greece S. Banniza, University of Saskatchewan, Canada V. Guarnaccia, University of Stellenbosh, South I. Pertot, University of Trento, Italy R. Batler, Plant & Food Research, Christchurch, Africa D. Rubiales, Institute for Sustainable Agricul- NZ N. Iacobellis, University of Basilicata, Potenza, ture, CSIC, Cordoba, Spain A. Bertaccini, Alma Mater Studiorum, Univer- Italy J-M. Savoie, INRA, Villenave d’Ornon, France sity of Bologna, Italy H. Kassemeyer, Staatliches Weinbauinstitut, A. Tekauz, Cereal Research Centre, Winnipeg, A.G. Blouin, Plant & Food Research, Auckland, Freiburg, Germany MB, Canada New Zealand P. Kinay Teksür, Ege University, Bornova Izmir, D. Tsitsigiannis, Agricultural University of Ath- R. Buonaurio, University of Perugia, Italy Turkey ens, Greece N. Buzkan, Imam University, Turkey A. Moretti, National Research Council (CNR), J.N. Vanneste, Plant & Food Research, Sandring- T. Caf, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Bari, Italy ham, New Zealand Piacenza, Italy L. Mostert, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosh, M. Vurro, National Research Council (CNR), J. Davidson, South Australian Research and De- South Africa Bari, Italy velopment Institute (SARDI), Adelaide, Australia J. Murillo, Universidad Publica de Navarra, Spain M.J. Wingfeld, University of Pretoria, South Africa A.M. D’Onghia, CIHEAM/Mediterranean Ag- J.A. Navas-Cortes, CSIC, Cordoba, Spain R. Zare, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Pro- ronomic Institute of Bari, Italy P. Nicot, INRA, Avignon, France tection, Tehran, Iran DIRETTORE RESPONSABILE Giuseppe Surico, DAGRI, University of Florence, Italy E-mail: [email protected] EDITORIAL OFFICE STAFF DAGRI, Plant pathology and Entomology section, Italy E-mail: [email protected], Phone: ++39 055 2755861/862 EDITORIAL ASSISTANT - Sonia Fantoni EDITORIAL OFFICE STAFF - Angela Gaglier Phytopathologia Mediterranea on-line: www.fupress.com/pm/ PHYTOPATHOLOGIA MEDITERRANEA Te international journal of the Mediterranean Phytopathological Union Volume 58, August, 2019 Firenze University Press Phytopathologia Mediterranea. Te international journal of the Mediterranean Phytopathological Union Published by Firenze University Press – University of Florence, Italy Via Cittadella, 7 - 50144 Florence - Italy http://www.fupress.com/pm Direttore Responsabile: Giuseppe Surico, University of Florence, Italy Copyright © 2019 Authors. Te authors retain all rights to the original work without any restrictions. Open Access. Tis issue is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC-BY-4.0) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropri- ate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Te Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication (CC0 1.0) waiver applies to the data made available in this issue, unless otherwise stated. Phytopathologia Mediterranea Firenze University Press www.fupress.com/pm The international journal of the Mediterranean Phytopathological Union Research Papers Factors afecting Venturia oleaginea infections on olive and efects of the disease on foral Citation: Issa T., Almadi L., Jarrar S., Tucci M., Buonaurio R., Famiani F. biology (2019) Factors affecting Venturia ole- aginea infections on olive and effects of the disease on foral biology. Phy- topathologia Mediterranea 58(2): Tahreer ISSA 1, Leen ALMADI2, Samer JARRAR3, Michele TUCCI1, Ro- 221-229. doi: 10.14601/Phytopathol_ berto BUONAURIO2, Franco FAMIANI2,* Mediter-10610 1 Agronomic Mediterranean Institute of Bari (IAMB), Valenzano (BA), Italy Accepted: January 19, 2019 2 Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie Alimentari e Ambientali, Università degli Studi Published: September 14, 2019 di Perugia, Perugia, Italy 3 Canaan Center for Organic Research and Extension (CORE), Canaan, Palestine Copyright: © 2019 Issa T., Almadi *Corresponding author: [email protected] L., Jarrar S., Tucci M., Buonaurio R., Famiani F. This is an open access, peer-reviewed article published by Summary. Te disease olive peacock eye was evaluated in organic olive orchards in Pal- Firenze University Press (http://www. estine (Asira, Burquin, Qabatia and Sir). In each orchard, six trees were randomly chosen fupress.com/pm) and distributed (three pruned and three unpruned). Severity was estimated at 20 d intervals by deter- under the terms of the Creative Com- mining the percentage of infected leaves in the upper, mid and lower parts of the canopy mons Attribution License, which per- of each tree. Proportions were estimated of symptomatic leaves, and those with asymp- mits unrestricted use, distribution, and tomatic infections using the NaOH test. In spring, inforescence length was determined reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are just before fowering (white stage). Te proportions of fruit set were also calculated on credited. small, labeled branches. Among the diferent sites/orchards tested, there were signif- cant diferences in the infection level, which were related to climatic conditions. Pruning Data Availability Statement: All rel- reduced the susceptibility of the trees to the disease. Te infections were much greater in evant data are within the paper and its the lower parts of the canopy. Peacock eye greatly reduced inforescence length and fruit Supporting Information fles. set. Venturia oleaginea severity was negatively correlated with inforescence development Competing Interests: The Author(s) and fruit set, due to defoliation caused by the pathogen. Based on efects on fruit set, declare(s) no confict of interest. the disease could severely reduce olive yields. Tis is the frst report showing quantitative relationship between olive defoliation caused by peacock eye and reproductive activity. Editor: Juan A. Navas-Cortes, Span- ish National Research Council (CSIC), Key words. Olea europaea L., organic olive growing, pruning, peacock eye, Spilocaea Cordoba, Spain. oleaginea, Palestine. INTRODUCTION Peacock eye (olive leaf spot), caused by Venturia oleaginea (Castagne) Rossman & Crous (= Spilocaea oleaginea), provokes severe damage to olive in all olive-growing countries. In recent years, the incidence and severity of this disease have increased in Palestine, likely resulting from climate change (Salman et al., 2011). Peacock eye is considered the most important disease attacking olive trees in Palestine, where olive production is very impor- tant, contributing approx. 13% to the national income (Salman et al., 2011; Abuamsha et al., 2013; UNCTAD, 2015). Phytopathologia Mediterranea 58(2): 221-229, 2019 ISSN 0031-9465 (print) | ISSN 1593-2095 (online) | DOI: 10.14601/Phytopathol_Mediter-10610 222 T. Issa et alii Venturia oleaginea mainly attacks olive leaves, some- tinian territories and the State of Palestine. Te West times fruit peduncles and rarely tender shoots