MEMORIAL TO SIR EDWARD B. BAILEY, KT., M.C., F.R.S. (1881-1965) A. G. MACC/RUGOK 45 rhurbnrn Road, Edinburgh, Scotland Sir Edward Bailey, a geologist of the highest inter- national repute in the spheres of tectonics and ig- neous action, died in London on March 19, 1965, at the age of 83. He had been, in his time, held and petrographic worker and District Geologist on the Geological Survey of Great Britain, Professor of Geology in Glasgow University, and Director of the Geological Survey and Museum. Bailey's international eminence is attested by his Presidency of the International Pre-Cambrian As- sociation (1934-1937); by his election to foreign membership of the national scientific academies of Norway, India, the United States of America, Bel- gium, and Switzerland; by Honorary Fellowship of the Geological Societies of Amer- ica and of France; and by an honorary doctorate conferred by Harvard University (1936). At home he was awarded honorary doc torates by the Universities of Birming- ham (1939), Glasgow (1946). Belfast (1946), Cambridge (1952), and Edinburgh (1964). Edward Battersby Bailey, son of a medical practitioner, was born in 1881 in Marden, Kent. From Kendal Grammar School, in Westmorland, he won an open scholarship to Clare College, Cambridge, in 1899. He graduated in 1902 with first- class honors (in both physics and geology) in Part II of the Natural Sciences Tripos, and won the Harkncss scholarship. Many years later he was elected an Honorary Fellow of Clare College (1944). Bailey joined the Geological Survey in 1902 and worked in Scotland as a Geologist until 1915. In that year he was commissioned in the Royal Garrison Artillery, in which he served as a subaltern in France. He was twice wounded, suffering the loss of an eye and severe injury to his left arm. He gained the Military Cross and the French Croix de Guerre with palm, and was made a Chevalier of the Legion d'Hon- neur. On returning from the war in 1919 Bailey became District Geologist for the West Highlands and Islands, Renfrewshire and Ayrshire. He supervised work in these areas until he retired in December 1929 to become Professor of Geology in Glasgow. Between 1902 and 1930 Bailey was concerned with fourteen Geological Survey Memoirs and the corresponding color-printed "one-inch" maps. He thus gained in- valuable first-hand knowledge of Lewisian (Coll, Tiree, lona), Torridonian (Colon- say, lona) Moine Schists (Ardnamurchan), Dalradian Schists (S.W. Highlands), Ordovician and Silurian (Ayrshire), Devonian (Lome, Lochaber, Ayrshire), Car- P 31 Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/77/3/P31/3427878/i0016-7606-77-3-P31.pdf by guest on 29 September 2021 P 32 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY boniferous, and Permian (Lothians, Glasgow, Ayrshire), Triassic, Jurassic, Creta- ceous, and Tertiary (Mull, Morvern, and Ardnamurchan), and of glacial geology and raised-beach formation. In the case of igneous rocks (which are abundant in all the areas mentioned) and of metamorphic rocks, Bailey's work from the outset involved much detailed microscopic petrography. His early publications included petrological descriptions of the Carboniferous vol- canic rocks and associated intrusions of East Lothian and of the Campsie Fells near Glasgow (1910, 1911). In association with C. T. Clough and H. B. Maufe he demon- strated Devonian ring-fracture, cauldron-subsidence, and ring-dyke formation in Glen Coe and traced great recumbent folds in the neighboring schists. The official account of these remarkable discoveries, first described to the Geological Society of London in 1909 and 1910, was given in a Memoir compiled by Bailey (The Geology of Ben Nevis and Glen Coe, 1916; 2d, extensively revised, edition, 1960). Bailey was also a member of Clough's Survey team which worked on the Tertiary volcanic com- plex of central Mull. Clough met a tragic death in 1916, and Bailey took charge when he returned from the war. His compilation of the classic Mull Tertiary Memoir (1924), and of the accompanying complex "one-inch" map and large-scale relief model, was recognized as a major scientific achievement. Mull provided evidence of a caldera-lake with pillow-lavas, of ring-dykes, of innumerable cone-sheets, and of a great dyke-swarm. In several ring-dykes, evidence indicated the operation of gravity- controlled differentiation in the production of a gradual change from granophyre to gabbro over vertical distances measured in hundreds of feet. Eruption from a central volcano, rather than from dyke-fissures, was favored as the origin of the extensive "plateau lavas." Confirmation was not obtained of the reality of an alleged "Great Group of basic sills" concordantly intrusive in the lavas. Bailey and H. H. Thomas were responsible for the petrology; Bailey defined such terms as "cone-sheet," "ring- dyke," "screen," and "composite" and "multiple" as applied to minor intrusions. He and Thomas introduced the concept of "magma-type" and "magma-series." Bailey thoroughly enjoyed his time as Professor in Glasgow. Besides continuing his own researches, he guided students in important investigations in the Highlands and Lowlands and collaborated with members of his staff: for instance with W. J. McCallien in work on schists in Scotland and Antrim and with J. Weir on Mesozoic rocks in Sutherland. With Weir and McCallien he wrote a geological text-book (pub- lished in 1939). In 1937, he was offered, and accepted, the Directorship of the Geological Survey and Museum, and left Glasgow. Bailey's Survey Directorate (1937-1945) was mainly in time of war. He was thus chiefly concerned with organizing field and laboratory research on rocks and min- erals of economic importance at home and abroad. In this exacting task he had the assistance of W. F. P. McLintock, as Deputy Director, and of two Assistant Direc- tors well versed in applied geology—T. Eastwood in England and M. Macgregor in Scotland. Bailey himself, throughout his career, had maintained a bias for "pure" geology, although he had supervised coalfield work in Ayrshire, and had discovered a very high-grade glass-sand in the Highlands which proved of great value in the war. Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/77/3/P31/3427878/i0016-7606-77-3-P31.pdf by guest on 29 September 2021 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY P 33 An account of Survey war activities, including the production of a series of Wartime Pamphlets and the establishment of an Atomic Energy Division, is given in his book Geological Survey of Great Britain (1952). On retiring from the Survey in 1945 he was knighted. Bailey's wider studies of the tectonics of Scottish Dalradian schists were largely made unofficially and published in scientific journals between 1910 and 1937. During periods of leave over these many years he scoured the southern Highlands from Islay to Braemar—a Herculean task rendered possible only by his compelling enthusiasm and remarkable physique. This large area had already been mapped by the Geo- logical Survey, but Bailey modified stratigraphic groupings and re-interpreted struc- ture in terms of great recumbent folds, and contemporaneous "slides" (fold-faults) that had locally cut out parts of the succession and had then been intensely refolded. His earlier syntheses met with opposition, and from time to time he modified his views or accepted, with good grace, corrections of others. For instance visiting geolo- gists, notably T. Vogt (Norway) and T. L. Tanton (Canada), proved to him, by their observations of current-bedding, that his reading of the Ballachulish succession in his northwestern area should be modified and reversed (1930, Geol. Mag.). This implied over-folding toward the northwest (instead of southeast) and the presence of "lags" affecting normal limbs, instead of "thrusts" affecting reversed limbs (1934, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc.). In this connection he developed a theory of "tectonic eddies" (1938). In Bailey's south-eastern area, Blair Atholl-Schichallion-Glen Shee, his inference of southeasterly recumbent overfolding has not required modification (1925, 1928, 1937). The broad lines, and much of the detail, of his mature views have proved sound. (For a general summary see "British Regional Geology: The Grampian Highlands," Geol. Surv. and Mus., 2d, revised, Edition, 1948, p. 31-34). Bailey gave a detailed, but largely historical, account of Dalradian metamorphic problems with rather vague general conclusions, but in the southwest Highlands (1923) —as later in Ireland (1934) and in America (1940) —he maintained that albite- porphyroblast schists were formed from soda-rich sediments under thermal condi- tions relatively more hydrous than those favorable to the development of garnet. He also made comprehensive re-assessments of Moine and Lewisian tectonics and meta- morphism in the Moine Thrust areas of Skye and the northwest mainland (1939, 1951, 1955) and of tectonics in Assynt (1935); the papers of 1951 and 1955 contain much petrographic detail of permanent value. Bailey advocated the correlation of Moine and Torridonian and the Caledonian age of Moinian and Dalradian meta- morphism (1952, 1955). In 1948 he gave a Special Address to the International Geo- logical Congress on the structural history of Scotland, in which much of his own work on folds, slides, and volcanic structures is summarized (1950). Visits to Sweden, Norway, Switzerland, Canada, and the United States (between 1908 and 1936) and assiduous reading gave Bailey an unrivalled grasp of tectonic science and its literature. He could often see at a glance the tectonic significance of a complex fold pattern (see ]. H. Mackin, Jour. Geology, v. 58, 1950, p. 56). His address as President of Section C at the British Association meeting in Glasgow in Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/77/3/P31/3427878/i0016-7606-77-3-P31.pdf by guest on 29 September 2021 P 34 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY' 1928 provided a brilliant account of the Paleozoic mountain systems of Europe and North America; he pointed out that the crossing of Caledonian and Hercynian chains, begun in southern Wales and Ireland and completed in New England, is perhaps evidence of continental drift (1928, 1929).