THE COMPARATIVE EXTERNAL MORPHOLOGY OF TRICHOBIUS CORYNORHINI COCKERELY, l• MAJOR COQUILLETI AND l• SPHAERONOTUS JOBLING (DIPTERA, STREBLIDAE) By VICTOR HENRY ZEVE bl Bachelor of Arts Miami University Oxford, Ohio 1957 Submitted to the faculty of the Graduate School of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY May, 1961 i' THE COMPARATIVE EXTERNAL MORPHOLOGY OF TRICHOBIUS CORYNORHINI COCKERELL, 1. MAJOR COQUILLETT AND 1. SPHAERONOTUS JOBLING (DIPTERA 1 STREBLIDAE) Thesis Approved: ~.0.~ Dean of the Graduate School ii OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY LIBR!\fN JAN 2 1962 PREFACE Because of the author's interest in morphologica~ studies and the intriguing biological relatioqships existing between parasitic organisms and their hosts, the following study was i11itiated. The author is deeply indebted to his major adviser, Dr. D. E. Howell, for his constant intenest and many helpful su~gestions through- out the study and preparation of this manuscript •. Sincere grati.tude is eipressed to Drs. D. E. Bryan, B. P. Glass, G. A. Moore and R.R. Walton for. th,eir careful evaluations and criticisms of this work. Indebtedness is also expresseq to Dr. W. A. Drew, Department of Entomology, Okl-ahoma State University and Dr. A. Stone, U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C. who aided in identification of specimens and taxonomic structures. The many helpful comments by G. A. Bieberdorf, Department of Entomology, Oklahoma State Unive.rsity, and D. W. Twohy, Department of Zoology, Oklahoma State University, were greatly appre- ciated. The meticulous and excellent typing of this thesis by Mrs. Glenn Duckwall merits special mention. Fot submitting specimens, the following are grateful! y thanked: Dr. R. B. Eads, Texas State Health Department, Austin, and Mr. Anthony \ . Ross, Depa:ttrtient of z'oology, University of Arizona, Tucson. Appreciation is extended to c. J. McCoy, P. Tucker, former graduate · students of the Department of Zoology, Oklahoma State University, and C. L. Henderson, a s~udent in the Department of Chemical Engineering, Oklahoma State University for assisting on many field trips to bat caves. iii 481255 Thej kind permission to collect materials in bat caves and the many I ki~dnesses extended by the landowners were greatly appreciated. I The author· particularly-· acknowledges the constant encouragement i frob his wife thro.ughout this study. !his investigat.ion was supported (in part) by a research fellow­ . ship, EF-10,· 114 from the Nat~anal Institute of Allergy and Infectious Dis~ases, United States Public HeJlth Service and by the Department i of Entomology, Oklahoma State Uni ~ersi t y. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS I I i Ch~pter Page I. INTRODUCTION ···········································~· l II. LITERATURE REVIEW•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 3 III. ME1HODS AND MATERIALS ............, ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 8 Location: of Caves • .• • • • • • • •.• •. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 8 Co.ilectiori of Spe·cimens .•.••• • •.~.·..................... 10 Fixation ~nd preservation of Materials • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 15 Mountfn~ Techniques~ •• ~............................. 19 Sectioning, Mounting and Staining................... 20 Illustrations and Measurements ••• ·.................... 24 IV. OBSERVATIONS ··AND COMPARISONS • .......................... Ii •• 26 The Head , ...... , •• • • ••••••••••••• ~ • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 26 The Thorax •••••••••••i•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 39 the Male APdomen ••••••••••••••••••••················ 61 The Female Abdomen••••••••••••••~••••••••••••••••••• 69 'V. DISCUSS ION .... ·., •••••••••••••••• • •• -: ••••• • •••••••••••••••••• 76 VI.• SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ...... , ............................ 81 LITERATURE CITED ....................................................... 83 APffENDIX •••••••••.•••••••••••••••••.•••••••••••••••••••..• • • • • • • • • 88 V LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. The host-parasite relationships and distribution of Trichobius from Oklahoma Bat Caves, 1958-1961 ••••••••••••• 89 2. Occurrence of eye facet combinations in Trichobius major Coq., taken in association with .Tadarida brasiliensis mexietana (Saussure) and Myotis velifer incaut:us {Allen) from Oklahoma Bat Caves, 1958-1961. ~..... 90 3 •. Occurrence of eye facet combinations in male and female Trichobius corynorhini Cock., taken in association with Plecotus .. townsendi pallescer;is (Miller) fron'I Oklahoma Bat Caves, 1958-1961... •• . • •• • • •• • • . • • . • . • . • . • • • 91 .4. Occurrence of eye facet combinations in Trichobius . sphaeronotus Job., taken in association with Tadarida brasiliensis mexicana (Saussure) from Oklahoma Bat Caves·, ·1'9~8-.1960 ....•••.•..•••..••....•...•....•..•..•.•.. 91 5. Variations in Trichobius major Coq., collected in associ.ation with Tada;rida brasiliensis mexicana (Saussure) and Myotis velifer incautus (Allen) from Oklahoma Bat Cave~, 1958-1961........................ 92 vi LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS I Pl~te Page I I I. • •••••••••••••••••••••• it •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 93 Fig~ 1. Trichobius major Coq., dorsal view of female. II. • ••••••••••••••. iii ••• •••••••••••• iJ ............................... 94 Fig. 2. Trichobius major Coq., dorsal view of head. Fig. 3.-. Tricln.obius cprynorhini Cock., dorsal view of H:eacf~ · ··························---· .. ······························ 95 Fig. 4. Tri chobius sphaerc>notus Job., dorsal view bf head. Fig. 5.. Trichobius major Coq.; lateral view of head. IV. -•••••••••fi••••••i••••·~••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••·•••••• 96 Fig. 6. Trichobius corynorhini Cock., lateral view of head. Fig, 7. Trichgbius sphaerd[!otus Job., lateral view of head. V.· •·••••••••~···.-·••••••••••••,•-•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 97 8. T:richobius major Coq., ventral view of head. 9. Trichobiu~ corynorhini Cock., ventral view . of head. v:c .. ' e • • '9 4 ¥ ¥ • 9 .fl ' e • ii fl ti • e • ii i j • ~ " • iii ¥ • e e e • e 9 II • • • • • Ii • • ti • e e • e IJ 41 e: • • • I • • Ii 98 Fig. 10- Trichobius sphaeronotus Job., ventral view of head. Fig. 11. Trichobius spp., sagittal view of antenna. VII. • ••••••••••••• j, • •••••••• ti •••••••••••••• Iii • ••••••••••••••••••• 99 Fig. 12. Trichobius spp., anterior view of head. Fig. 13. Trichobius spp., posterior view of head. VII • ···~~··························••it••••••••••••fl·············· 100 Fig. 14.: Trichohius major Coq., dorsal view of thorax. Fig. 15. Trichobius corynorhini Cock., dorsal view of thorax. · v_ii Pl te Page Ii .................................................................. 101 Fig. 16. Tri chobi us sphaeronotus Job., dorsal view of thorax. Fig. 17. Trichobius spp., diagrarrnnatic lateral view of thorax. x. ........................................................... 102 Fig. 18. Tri chobius rnajor Coq., lateral view of thorax. Fig. 19. Trichobius corynorhini Cock., latera.l view of thorax. XI. ····························~································· 103 F:i:g. 20. Trichobius sphaeronotus Job., lateral view of thorax. Fig. 21. Trichobius major Coq., ventral view of thorax. XII. •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.•••••••••••• , •••• itt" •••••••••• l04 Fig. 22. Trichobius corynorhini Co ck., ventral view of thorax. Fig. 23. Trichobius sphaeronotus Job., ventral view of thorax. XIII; •••o••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••'••••·•-•••·•••••·••••••·••·••·• 105 Fig. 24. Trichobius spp., diagrammatic po.sterior view of thorax. · Fig. 25. Trichobius major Coq., win~. XIV:. • ••••••• " ••••••••• ti •••.•••••••••••••••• •· ••••- ••.••••••••••••••• 106 Fig. 26. Trichobius corynorhini Cook., wing. Fig. 27. Trichobius sphaeronotus Job., wing. Fig. 28. Trichobius major Coq .• , wing showing a remnant of the su)')costa and a spur on the second anal vein. Xv. • •• ii ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••- fl ....... 107 Fig. 29. Trichobius major Coq., wing showing a remnant of the subc6sta, additional cross­ veins and spurs. Fig. 30. Trichobius major Coq., wing showing additional cross-veins. Fig. 31. Trichobius major Coq., wing showing additional cross-veins. viii Plate Page XVI. •••.•••••••• ti •••••••••••••••••••••••••.••••••••••••••••••• ·• ••• 108 Fig. 32. Trichobius major Coq., wing showing additional radio-medial cross-veins. Fig. 33. Trichobius major Coq., wing showing additional radio..:.medial·'.:cros,s-'veins .. arid ~pu:rs on other veins. Fig. 34. Trichobius major Coq., wing showing additional spurs. XVII. ···························································· 109 Fig. 35. T~ichobius major Obq.; wing showing additional spurs. Fig. 36. !richobius majdr Coq., wing showing additional spurs. Fig. 37 .. Ttichobius major Coq., wing showing additional sp11rs. XVIII. ················l"··········································· 110 Fig. 38. Tri¢hobius corynorhini Cock., wing showing a btfurcation of cubitus two. Fig. 39. Trichobius sphaeronotus Job., wing showing an additional radio-meidal crass~vein. Fig. 40. Trichobius sphaeronotus .Job., wing showing a · radio-medial spur. XIX. • •••••••••••• -· ••••• e: •••••••••••••••••••••••••••. j ti ••••••••••• 111 Fig. 41. Trichobius spha.eronotus Job.,- wing showing an irregular costa. Fig. 42. Trichobius spp., dic:1grammatic dorsal view of wing base. xx. • e ti • • i e • • e e ti e e 9 e ••• ti ti e e e • • • 0 ti •• e ii If e • e e e e e • e e e ti • e e • e e • e • e e e • • 112 Fig. 43. Trichobius corynorhini Cock., lateral view of prothoraci c leg. Fig. 44. Trichobius corynorhini Cock., lateral