® ® KFSBOPFQVLCB?O>PH>¨ FK@LIKUQBKPFLK KPQFQRQBLCDOF@RIQROB>KA>QRO>IBPLRO@BP KLTELT KLTKLT G1558 Installing Your Riparian Buffer: Tree and Grass Planting, Postplanting Care and Maintenance Amanda Fox, Graduate Student in Biological Systems Engineering Tom Franti, Extension Surface Water Management Specialist, Scott Josiah, Nebraska State Forester, and Mike Kucera, State Resource Conservationist for the Natural Resources Conservation Service over the planting area and cover the seeds with soil using a disk This NebGuide describes tree and grass planting for or other implement. After seeds are covered, the soil should riparian buffers, postplanting care of trees and grasses and be packed to ensure good seed to soil contact. long-term buffer maintenance. A companion NebGuide, Specialized tree-seeding machines can plant either in- Planning Your Riparian Buffer: Design and Plant Selec- dividual species or a mixture of species for a more random tion (G1557), addresses buffer design and selection of distribution. When machine seeding, plant in a shallow furrow appropriate tree and grass species. or spread seeds out and disk them into the soil. For more in- formation, refer to University of Nebraska–Lincoln Extension NebGuide G1512, Establishing Conservation Plantings of Nut Riparian buffers are a best management practice to protect Trees and Shrubs by Direct Seeding Methods. stream water quality, reduce streambank erosion, and provide Planting Seedlings. Tree seedlings should be plant- wildlife habitat. Buffers also can provide income through ed in April or May. Seedling spacing, both in row and payments from federal, state and local cost-share programs between rows, varies with the expected mature size of or through production and sale of specialty crops. This Neb- the trees or shrubs being planted. NRCS recommended planting Guide provides instructions on riparian buffer installation and den sities are shown in Table I (refer to NRCS Conservation maintenance for farmers and landowners. It compliments the Practice Standard Riparian Forest Buffer Code 391 for more instructional video, Streamside Conservation: Installing and detailed information). Seedlings come in several forms which Maintaining Your Riparian Buffer, available from University require different planting techniques (Figure 1). of Nebraska–Lincoln Extension. (To order the video, contact With bareroot seedlings, it is important to keep the roots the University of Nebraska CIT, P.O. Box 830918, Lincoln, moist and protected before planting. One method is to store NE 68583-0918, or call 800-755-7765.) them in a mulch-filled plastic container or bag in a cool, dry place. Before planting, bare roots should be temporarily sub- Installing Your Riparian Buffer merged (one to two hours) in a bucket of water to stay moist until they can be placed in the ground. To plant, make a hole Installing Trees and Shrubs large enough to insert the root system without crowding or Preparing the Site. Adequate site preparation and proper bending. Turned up roots may kill the plant. Cover roots planting of seedlings and seeds is required for successful es- completely with soil so that the soil surface is at the same tablishment of trees and shrubs. Prepare the site for optimal level on the stem as it was in the nursery. If this isn’t obvi- tree growth by removing weeds and past vegetation with burn- ous, plant the first set of lateral roots no deeper than one inch down herbicides and/or tilling just prior to the tree or shrub below the soil surface (Figure 2). Pack soil firmly and tamp planting. If the site is a grass pasture or an alfalfa field, the to remove air pockets. vegetation should be killed in the fall prior to spring planting. Planting containerized seedlings is similar to planting If desirable native grasses are present, they can be maintained bareroot seedlings. Unrooted cuttings need to be placed in between the tree rows. the ground with only two to three buds remaining above Planting Seeds. Tree seeds can be planted by hand or ground. Avoid planting seedlings in extremely dry, hot or machine. When hand seeding, place the seeds no deeper than windy conditions. Heat and wind can quickly dry out leaves two to three times the diameter of the seed. For example, a and roots. Water the soil around the seedlings immediately one-inch diameter black walnut seed should be planted two to after planting. three inches deep. Broadcast seeds by hand or machine evenly For more detailed information on planting tree and shrub Table I. NRCS recommended initial tree and shrub planting densities.1 Approximate Plant-to-plant Row-to-row Minimum Maximum 20-year Height Spacings Spacings Plants per Plants per (feet) (feet) (feet) Acre Acre Small shrubs less than 10 3-6 3-6 1210 4840 Large shrubs and small trees 10-20 6-10 6-10 440 1210 Large trees greater than 20 10-15 10-15 200 440 1Adapted from NRCS Conservation Practice Standard Riparian Forest Buffer Code 391. Initial planting densities are much greater than mature tree densities. Seeding. For a CCRP buffer grass seeds must be planted at a rate of 40 pure live seeds (PLS) per square foot by broad- casting or drilling. Broadcasting involves spreading seeds on the ground and then incorporating them with light tillage. Mechanical drilling involves inserting the seed directly in the ground at a uniform depth. Drilling provides more accurate seed placement and is the preferred method. One common reason for grass establishment failure is placing the seed too deep in the ground. A drill can ensure that the seeds are placed only 1/4- to 1/2-inch deep. The mechanical drill does three things: 1) cuts and handles the residue, leaving some on the ground during planting for erosion control; 2) inserts the seed 1/4- to 1/2-inch deep; and 3) covers the seed Unrooted Bare root Containerized to ensure good seed-soil contact. cutting seedling Seed sizes and weights vary; therefore, application rates Figure 1. Types of seedlings. vary. Grass drills can be calibrated to meter different types of seeds and seeding rates. For example, a common warm season mixture consists of Indiangrass, big bluestem, and seeds and seedlings, including site preparation and man- switchgrass. Indiangrass and big bluestem are fluffy seeds and agement, refer to Tree/Shrub Planting Procedures, NRCS switchgrass is a small smooth seed. If you want to plant these Nebraska Technical Guide Notice 535 Section IV. seeds, it can be done correctly with a drill. Indiangrass and big bluestem fluffy seeds need to be metered by a finger-type Installing Grasses mechanism. The switchgrass smooth seeds need to be metered by a fluted-type mechanism. Calibrate the drill for each type Preparing the Site. It is essential to manage weeds and of seed before use to ensure that the metering mechanisms erosion before, during and after planting grasses. In general, are releasing the right amount of seed. In some areas, drills weeds are controlled with chemicals, mowing, or hand picking. ® may be rented from your local Pheasants Forever chapter or An effective approach is to plant Roundup Ready soybeans your Natural Resources District (NRD). the year before the grass buffer is installed. Although soybeans don’t provide as much residue as corn, grass can be easily Postplanting Care of Your Riparian Buffer planted into the residue. Weed control can be improved by using a glyphosate herbicide the year before grass planting. You can ensure a productive and functioning buffer by providing care for one to two years after planting. Postplant- ing care includes controlling and removing emerging weeds, providing plants with adequate water and controlling exces- sive wildlife damage. Postplanting Care of Trees and Shrubs Weed Control. Although weeds were destroyed before planting, they will reappear and compete with the plants for water and nutrients and need to be controlled. Weeds growing between tree rows can be left to protect small trees from hot desiccating winds and to provide wildlife habitat, but care needs to be taken to ensure that weeds, and grasses, don’t excessively compete with young trees. If grass is planted Too shallow Too deep Properly planted between tree rows, remove weeds to ensure that the grass can get established (see the following section on grasses). Figure 2. Planting a bareroot seedling. Weed control is most critical in a three- to four-foot radius An integrated pest management (IPM) approach is rec- around a tree or shrub seedling because this is where the roots ommended for controlling wildlife damage in buffers. Use a will be growing. Control weeds with herbicides, mowing or variety of techniques in a timely manner to reduce loss of trees by using a conservation mulch. When using herbicides near and shrubs. Techniques include: 1) habitat modification, 2) tree and shrub areas, make sure the chemical will destroy exclusion, 3) repellents and 4) population management. only the desired weed species and not your trees and shrubs, Habitat modification involves managing vegetation with and be aware of label restrictions for use of these chemicals herbicides, mulching or mowing to minimize wildlife habitat near bodies of water. Read labels carefully and check with the and thus populations in the buffer. Exclusion includes protect- Nebraska Department of Agriculture if you are unsure of use ing individual trees or an entire buffer from animal feeding. or label requirements. After trees and shrubs are established, Individual trees can be protected with plastic or woven-wire weeds need to be removed as necessary. For more information, tree cylinders or shelters. Perimeter fencing, like polytape refer to the University of Nebraska Cooperative Extension electronic fencing, can help protect an entire buffer from NebFacts, Chemical Weed Control in Tree Planting Projects deer. Various forms of repellents also can be sprayed on Part I — Pre-emergence Herbicides (NF362) or Chemical Weed trees to keep wildlife away.