DIPLOMARBEIT Titel der Diplomarbeit “Ach, ich und die /r/-Vokalisierung.” On the difference in the distribution of [x] and [ç] in Standard German and Standard Austrian German. Verfasserin Tina Hildenbrandt angestrebter akademischer Grad Magistra der Philosophie (Mag.phil.) Wien, 2013 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 328 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Allgem./Angew. Sprachwissenschaft Betreuer: Ao. Univ.-Prof. Dr. John Rennison Acknowledgments I want to thank ... John Rennison for the supervision, the tech support, the native speaker competence, and for introducing me to the exiting world of GP and, of course, Government Phonology Round Tables. Sylvia Moosmüller for all the help, encouragement and general everything, as well as showing me that phonetics is fun. Friedrich Neubarth for all the input, the brutal, helpful feedback and the joy of discussing more or less megalomaniac ideas. Hans Christian Luschützky for pointing out the topic to me in the first place. the staff of the Acoustics Research Institute of the Austrian Academy of Sciences for letting me be a part of it and giving me the opportunity to bemuse them with generative phonology as well as, of course, the corpus, the Foosball and the DnD. Julia Brandstätter for patiently answering questions like “How do I see the prepalatal constriction location in the F2 here again?”. my peers at the University of Vienna for “Illegal Tutorials” first (Thank you Markus Pöchtrager), the Mafiosi get-togethers later and, in particular, David Djabbari for these very helpful phonology-billiard-meetings. my teachers and colleagues at the EGG schools, the Central European Summer Schools for Generative Grammar, in the years 2010, 2011 and 2012. Apart from all I've learned, it was a blast. Thank you Péter Szigetvári for helping me in the attempt to grasp sonority, even though I had to throw that part out in the end. my family and friends for their patience and support. my daughter for forgiving the lack of quality time with her. my mum for making it all happen in the long run (Danke Mama!). Contents 1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................7 2 Sociolinguistic aspects......................................................................................................12 2.1 Standard Austrian German.......................................................................................13 2.2 Summary...................................................................................................................18 2.3 Dialects in Austria....................................................................................................19 2.4 Input-Switch Rules...................................................................................................22 2.5 Summary...................................................................................................................25 3 Phenomena.......................................................................................................................27 3.1 The Dorsal Fricatives................................................................................................27 3.1.1 The Dorsal Fricatives in Germany.....................................................................28 3.1.1.1 <-chen>.....................................................................................................31 3.1.1.2 History......................................................................................................36 3.1.1.3 Umlaut......................................................................................................37 3.1.1.4 Word-initial [ç].........................................................................................38 3.1.1.5 Spirantization of /g/...................................................................................39 3.1.1.6 [ç] → [ʃ]....................................................................................................42 3.1.2 Summary...........................................................................................................43 3.1.3 The Dorsal Fricatives in Austria........................................................................44 3.1.4 Summary...........................................................................................................48 3.2 /r/.............................................................................................................................49 3.2.1 /r/ in Germany and Austria...............................................................................51 3.2.2 /r/-vocalization..................................................................................................51 3.2.2.1 /r/-vocalization in Germany.......................................................................52 3.2.2.2 /r/-vocalization in Austria..........................................................................53 3.2.3 Discussion.........................................................................................................55 4 Government Phonology....................................................................................................57 4.1 Element Theory........................................................................................................58 4.1.1 Vowels...............................................................................................................58 4.1.2 Consonants.......................................................................................................64 4.2 Structural Representation.........................................................................................70 4.2.1 Strict CVCV......................................................................................................70 4.2.2 VC Phonology...................................................................................................77 5 Analysis............................................................................................................................80 5.1 Summary...................................................................................................................98 6 Conclusion.....................................................................................................................100 7 References......................................................................................................................103 Abbreviations: ATR Advanced Tongue Root BD Bavarian Dialects CBD Central Bavarian Dialects ECP Empty Category Principle ET Element Theory FA Fricative Assimilation FEN Final Empty Nucleus GP Government Phonology IG Infrasegmental Government IPA International Phonetic Alphabet ISR Input-Switch Rule KLV Kaye, Lowenstamm & Vergnaud KOeD Corpus of Austrian German (Korpus Österreichisches Deutsch) ME Melodic Expression MHG Middle High German OHG Old High German OT Optimality Theory PG Proper Government PR Phonological Rule SAG Standard Austrian German SBD Southern Bavarian Dialects SG Standard German SPE The Sound Pattern of English (Chomsky & Halle, 1968) VCP VC- Phonology VD Viennese Dialect 7 1 Introduction In this thesis the following observation is investigated: The realizations of the complementarily distributed fricatives [ç] and [x] differ in the context of a preceding vocalized /r/ throughout the German speech community, leading to surface forms such as [d̥ʊɐç] <durch>,'through'inStandardGerman(SG)and[d̥ʊɐx]Austrian(SAG).AfterconsideringwhatthetermsSGSAGreferto,amplepreviousliteratureonfricativedistributionisdiscussed.Thereafter,[x]assumedunderlyiʊɐç] <durch>,'through' in Standard German (SG) and [d̥ʊɐç] <durch>,'through'inStandardGerman(SG)and[d̥ʊɐx]Austrian(SAG).AfterconsideringwhatthetermsSGSAGreferto,amplepreviousliteratureonfricativedistributionisdiscussed.Thereafter,[x]assumedunderlyiʊɐx] in Standard Austrian German (SAG). After considering what the terms SG and SAG refer to, the ample previous literature on the fricative distribution is discussed. Thereafter, [x] is assumed underlyingly, which leads us to surmise an underlying difference in /r/. An analysis is given in the non-branching branches of Government Phonology, i.e. CVCV and VC Phonology. On the way, theory- internal issues on how to treat long vowels and diphthongs are touched. To give an analysis, the underlying form has to be determined. It goes without saying that many theories of phonology are designed to be capable of deriving only one surface form in one given context. The difference must be detected without theory-driven preconceptions. Therefore, all possible options should be considered. A notation known from rule-based frameworks may help to display the several possibilities upon which a decision can be made. In Natural Phonology, for example, underlying /ç/ is assumed. In this framework, it has to be stated that after the /r/ is vocalized, SG speakers suppress the natural process [ç]→[x], whereas the vocalic counterpart of /r/ changes the fricative from /ç/ to [x] in SAG. This is displayed in (1). In analogy, (2) would be another possibility in Natural Phonology, with the difference of assuming underlying /x/. (1) [d̥ʊɐç] <durch>,'through'inStandardGerman(SG)and[d̥ʊɐx]Austrian(SAG).AfterconsideringwhatthetermsSGSAGreferto,amplepreviousliteratureonfricativedistributionisdiscussed.Thereafter,[x]assumedunderlyiʊʁç] → [d̥ʊɐç] <durch>,'through'inStandardGerman(SG)and[d̥ʊɐx]Austrian(SAG).AfterconsideringwhatthetermsSGSAGreferto,amplepreviousliteratureonfricativedistributionisdiscussed.Thereafter,[x]assumedunderlyiʊɐç]