Downloaded from MICROBIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY REVIEWS, Mar. 2011, p. 133–191 Vol. 75, No. 1 1092-2172/11/$12.00 doi:10.1128/MMBR.00015-10 Copyright © 2011, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Oxidative Stress Resistance in Deinococcus radiodurans† 1 1,2 Dea Slade * and Miroslav Radman http://mmbr.asm.org/ Universite´de Paris-Descartes, Faculte´deMe´decine, INSERM U1001, 156 Rue de Vaugirard, 75015 Paris, France,1 and Mediterranean Institute for Life Sciences, Mestrovicevo Setaliste bb, 21000 Split, Croatia2 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................................................134 GENERAL PROPERTIES OF DEINOCOCCUS RADIODURANS.......................................................................134 Common Features of a “Strange” Bacterium.....................................................................................................134 Ecology of D. radiodurans.......................................................................................................................................135 D. radiodurans Physical Structure and Cell Division ........................................................................................135 Metabolic Configuration of D. radiodurans .........................................................................................................136 on March 25, 2015 by UNIVERSIDADE EST.PAULISTA JÚLIO DE Phylogeny of D. radiodurans ..................................................................................................................................140 Genetics of D. radiodurans.....................................................................................................................................140 Mobile Genetic Elements in D. radiodurans........................................................................................................141 DNA DAMAGE RESISTANCE AND DNA REPAIR MECHANISMS OF D. RADIODURANS.......................141 Ionizing Radiation Resistance of D. radiodurans ...............................................................................................144 Factors influencing radiation resistance .........................................................................................................144 Evolution of radiation resistance in D. radiodurans ......................................................................................145 Kinetics of DNA Repair in Gamma-Irradiated D. radiodurans........................................................................146 DNA Degradation in Irradiated D. radiodurans .................................................................................................146 Recombinational Processes in D. radiodurans DNA Repair .............................................................................148 Physical scaffolds for DNA repair in D. radiodurans.....................................................................................150 (i) Genome condensation in D. radiodurans................................................................................................150 MESQUITA FILHO (ii) Ring-like nucleoids in D. radiodurans ...................................................................................................150 (iii) DNA-membrane association in D. radiodurans...................................................................................151 (iv) Chromosome alignment in D. radiodurans...........................................................................................151 Enzymatic tools of recombinational repair in D. radiodurans......................................................................151 (i) The RecFOR pathway...............................................................................................................................151 (ii) RecA ...........................................................................................................................................................152 (iii) RadA, RuvABC, and RecG ....................................................................................................................154 (iv) The SSB proteins.....................................................................................................................................155 (v) RecD ...........................................................................................................................................................155 (vi) SbcCD .......................................................................................................................................................155 (vii) Novel deinococcal DNA repair proteins..............................................................................................156 Replication Processes in D. radiodurans DNA Repair.......................................................................................156 DNA Repair Checkpoints and Cell Division Control in D. radiodurans.........................................................158 The RecA-Independent Pathway of DSB Repair in D. radiodurans.................................................................159 Fidelity of DNA Repair in Irradiated D. radiodurans........................................................................................160 Desiccation Resistance of D. radiodurans ............................................................................................................160 Resistance of D. radiodurans to UV-C Radiation ...............................................................................................162 Kinetics and enzymology of the repair of UV-induced DNA damage in D. radiodurans ..........................162 Sensitivity of D. radiodurans to UV-A Radiation and Singlet Oxygen.............................................................163 Resistance of D. radiodurans to Mitomycin C.....................................................................................................163 Resistance of D. radiodurans to Base-Damaging Chemicals.............................................................................164 Base excision repair in D. radiodurans ............................................................................................................164 Chemical mutagenesis in D. radiodurans.........................................................................................................164 Mismatch Repair in D. radiodurans .....................................................................................................................165 Nonhomologous End Joining in D. radiodurans .................................................................................................165 STRESS RESPONSE IN D. RADIODURANS.........................................................................................................165 Stress Response Transcriptional Regulators......................................................................................................165 Induction of Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis in Response to Ionizing Radiation ..........................168 Protein Regulation in Response to Radiation Damage.....................................................................................168 PREVENTION AND TOLERANCE OF DNA AND PROTEIN DAMAGE IN D. RADIODURANS................169 Cell-Cleaning Proteins in D. radiodurans ............................................................................................................169 * Corresponding author. Mailing address: Universite´de Paris-Des- cartes, Faculte´deMe´decine, INSERM U1001, 156 Rue de Vaugirard, 75015 Paris, France. Phone: 0033140615494. Fax: 0033140615322. E-mail: [email protected]. † Supplemental material for this article may be found at http://mmbr .asm.org/. 133 Downloaded from 134 SLADE AND RADMAN MICROBIOL.MOL.BIOL.REV. Antioxidation Protection in D. radiodurans.........................................................................................................170 Catalases, superoxide dismutases, and peroxidases ......................................................................................172 Dps proteins ........................................................................................................................................................172 Carotenoids..........................................................................................................................................................172 Manganese complexes ........................................................................................................................................173 WHAT DETERMINES THE EXTREME RADIATION RESISTANCE OF D. RADIODURANS? ..................174 http://mmbr.asm.org/ SOME RAMIFICATIONS OF D. RADIODURANS OXIDATIVE STRESS RESISTANCE .............................175 Can D. radiodurans Provide a Means for Circumventing Aging and Cancer? ..............................................175 Oxidative stress, aging, and cancer..................................................................................................................176 DNA damage, aging, and cancer ......................................................................................................................176 Protein damage, aging, and cancer ..................................................................................................................176 Harnessing of D. radiodurans