Network Evolution: The Origins, Development and Effectiveness of ’s Railway System Manitoba by Christopher G. L. McCombe A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Manitoba in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Department of Environment and Geography University of Manitoba Winnipeg, Manitoba © 2011 by Christopher McCombe Copyright ABSTRACT This thesis examines the changing characteristics of railway infrastructure development and associated issues in the province of Manitoba, Canada. The period under consideration dates from when the first tracks were laid in 1878 through to the completion of the Hudson Bay Railway in 1929. Setting the scene is a template for railway development in general, one that allows hypotheses to be drawn that are specific to Manitoba. In order to test those hypotheses it is necessary to first provide a comprehensive overview of the historical evolution of the railway network. Next, the tools for testing the hypotheses as to how that network emerged have to be reviewed. That review examines aspects of graph theory, identifying the methodology most appropriate for a spatial analysis of railway networks. With the fundamental assumption in mind that no railway system of any real complexity can be effectively understood without considering the process of its creation, this analysis attempts to draw conclusions about the relationship between the railway companies and the governments, people and geography that they were compelled to deal with. Given that objective, an emphasis is placed during hypothesis testing on a set of geographic forms developed by prominent geographer Donald Meinig, who set the precedent in the field of railway-network geography. The testing of these forms revealed that while the Manitoba railway network is very complex, it never arrived at the maximum complexity that can be reached. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to acknowledge the support and assistance given to me by a number of people involved in the production of this thesis. First, I am indebted to my thesis supervisor, Dr. Daniel Todd, for the vast amount of time he has spent working with me on this project. His guidance, insight, and attention to detail during this time have been invaluable. I also wish to thank my committee members, Dr. John Brierley and Dr. Esyllt Jones, for the helpful interpretations given to me over the course of this research. In addition, I would like to acknowledge the important roles that my parents have played, without their assistance; this thesis would not have been feasible. Finally, much ée Lesley gratitude to my fianc Roy, who has been there every step of the way. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................ iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................ vii LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................... viii LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................... xi COPYRIGHT PERMISSIONS ..................................................................................... xii CHAPTER ONE: Introduction ....................................................................................... 1 The Deifinition of Origins, Development and Effectiveness.................................. 2 CHAPTER TWO: The Historical Foundations of the Manitoba Railway Network .. 7 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 7 The Early Days ....................................................................................................... 8 The Pembina Branch Railway ................................................................................ 9 The Canadian Pacific Railway .............................................................................. 11 The 1880s .............................................................................................................. 15 Red River Valley Railway .................................................................................... 19 Northern Pacific and Manitoba Railway ............................................................... 29 The 1890s .............................................................................................................. 33 Lake Manitoba Railway and Canal Company ...................................................... 36 Manitoba and South Eastern Railway ................................................................... 38 The Canadian Northern Railway .......................................................................... 40 The Great Northern Railway (USA) ..................................................................... 43 The Grand Trunk Pacific Railway ........................................................................ 44 Nationalization of the Lines .................................................................................. 52 The Hudson Bay Railway ..................................................................................... 56 Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 63 End-note 1 ............................................................................................................. 65 End-Note 2 ............................................................................................................ 69 End-Note 3 ............................................................................................................ 69 iv End-Note 4 ............................................................................................................ 69 End-Note 5 ............................................................................................................ 71 CHAPTER THREE: Analysis of Graph Theory and its Applications to Transport Systems ............................................................................................................................. 73 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 73 önigsberg The Seven Bridges of K ........................................................................ 74 Graph-Theory Principles ....................................................................................... 76 Graph Representation of a Real Network ............................................................. 77 Measures ............................................................................................................... 80 Indices ................................................................................................................... 81 Maps as Graphs ..................................................................................................... 84 Empirical Studies of Regional Networks Involving Graph Theory...................... 85 Empirical Evolution of Rail Transport Systems ................................................... 92 – A Graph-Theory Working Example A Winnipeg LRT network ....................... 97 Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 102 CHAPTER FOUR: Hypothesis Justification ............................................................. 104 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 104 H1 ........................................................................................................................ 105 H2 ........................................................................................................................ 112 H3 ........................................................................................................................ 116 H4 ........................................................................................................................ 119 H5 ........................................................................................................................ 120 H6 ........................................................................................................................ 120 Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 121 End-Note 1 .......................................................................................................... 121 CHAPTER FIVE: Spatial Analysis and Hypothesis Testing .................................... 123 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 123 H1 ........................................................................................................................ 123 H2 ........................................................................................................................ 131 H3 ........................................................................................................................ 135 v H4 ........................................................................................................................ 139 H5 .......................................................................................................................