Ciência Rural ISSN: 0103-8478 [email protected] Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Brasil Domingos Scalon, João; Lopes Avelar, Maria Betania; Freitas Alves, Gabriela de; Zacarias, Maurício Sérgio Spatial and temporal dynamics of coffee-leaf-miner and predatory wasps in organic coffee field in formation Ciência Rural, vol. 41, núm. 4, abril, 2011, pp. 646-652 Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Santa Maria, Brasil Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=33118724027 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Ciência646 Rural, Santa Maria, v.41, n.4, p.646-652, abr, 2011Scalon et al. ISSN 0103-8478 Spatial and temporal dynamics of coffee-leaf-miner and predatory wasps in organic coffee field in formation Dinâmica espacial e temporal do bicho-mineiro do cafeeiro e da vespa predadora em plantação de café orgânico em formação João Domingos ScalonI* Maria Betania Lopes AvelarI Gabriela de Freitas AlvesI Maurício Sérgio ZacariasII ABSTRACT RESUMO The coffee production is an economic mainstay A produção do café é, economicamente, muito for many countries in the world. Brazil is the world’s largest importante para vários países do mundo. O Brasil é o maior producer and exporter of coffee, being responsible for about produtor e exportador de café do mundo, sendo responsável 25% of the world production. It is well known that coffee por, aproximadamente, 25% da produção mundial. Sabe-se plantations are susceptible to more than 850 fungal and insect que as plantações de café são suscetíveis ao ataque de mais de pests. Among these pests, the most important significant 850 tipos de fungos e insetos. Entre essas pragas, a mais importante em todo Brasil é o bicho mineiro do cafeeiro throughout Brazil is the coffee-leaf-miner, [Leucoptera coffeella [Leucoptera coffeella (Guérin-Mèneville & Perrottet, 1842) (Guérin-Mèneville & Perrottet, 1842) (Lepidoptera: (Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae)]. Estima-se que a perda no Lyonetiidae)]. It is estimated that the loss in yield due to rendimento devido à infestação do bicho mineiro pode chegar infestation by L. coffeella moths can increase to as much as a 80% em plantações onde não existe controle da praga. 80% in areas where the coffee-leaf-miner larvae are not Embora o controle químico seja eficaz para combatê-la, ele controlled. Though it is effective, the chemical control of the acarreta um aumento no custo da produção e constitui um pest substantially increases the cost of production and constitutes risco para o meio ambiente. O conhecimento da dinâmica a risk to the environment. The knowledge about the spatial- espacial-temporal do bicho-mineiro e da vespa predadora temporal dynamics of coffee-leaf-miner and predatory wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) pode fornecer informações valiosas may provide valuable information about the biological para o controle biológico da praga. Uma maneira de investigar management pest context. One way to investigate the spatial- o sincronismo espacial-temporal entre presa e predador é temporal synchronism of predator and prey is to calculate and calcular algum índice para análise de completa aleatoriedade compare an index of spatial randomness within a sequence espacial e compará-lo ao longo do tempo. Este artigo sugere time. This paper advocates using the Morisita’s index, coupled o uso do índice de Morisita, juntamente com o método with the bootstrap method, in a temporal sequence to bootstrap, em uma sequência temporal para caracterizar a characterize the spatial- temporal dynamics of coffee-leaf-miner dinâmica espacial-temporal do bicho-mineiro e da vespa and predatory wasp (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in one hectare predadora em um hectare de uma plantação orgânica de café. Os resultados revelaram que o bicho-mineiro e a vespa of an organic coffee plantation. The results showed that coffee- predadora apresentaram um comportamento sazonal com um leaf-miner and predatory wasps presented a seasonal behavior sincronismo temporal. Além disso, observou-se que minas with a temporal synchronism. The results also showed that novas e predadas apresentavam agrupamentos durante a both new and preyed mines were aggregated during the peak estação mais seca do ano. Existem poucas evidências de population (dry season). There was little evidence for space- interação espaço-temporal entre minas predadas e vespas time interaction between coffee-leaf-miner and predatory wasps. predadoras. Key words: Leucoptera coffeella, Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Palavras-chave: Leucoptera coffeella, Hymenoptera: bootstrap, Morisita. Vespidae, bootstrap, Morisita. IDepartamento de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), CP 3037, 37200-000, Lavras, MG, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected]. *Autor para correspondência. IIEMBRAPA Café, Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais (EPAMIG), Lavras, MG, Brasil. Received 08.25.09 Approved 01.30.11 Returned by the author Ciência03.12.11 Rural, v.41, n.4, abr, 2011. CR-3483 Spatial and temporal dynamics of coffee-leaf-miner and predatory wasps in organic coffee field in formation. 647 INTRODUCTION integrated pest management (BACCA et al., 2006). Also, the apparent existence of temporal clusters of high Coffee (Coffea sp.) grows over seventy incidence in many crop pests suggests that the temporal countries, and therefore is one of the most important distribution of these pests might be influenced by crops in the world. Coffee production, with an annual environmental and weather factors (KREBS, 1999). estimated retail value of over US$ 70 billion, is Thus, basic knowledge about the spatial-temporal surpassed only by oil. Brazil is the leading country in dynamics of the coffee-leaf-miner and a generalist this activity, being responsible for, at about, 25% of predator (predatory wasp) could contribute to the the world coffee production (LEWIN et al., 2004). efficiency of the development of organic management Two species of coffee (Coffea arabica L. in coffee plantations. and Coffea canephora Pierre & Froehner, also known One way to investigate the spatio-temporal as Robusta), are commercially traded, with C. arabic. synchronism of predator and prey is to calculate and comprising approximately 65% of coffee production compare indices of spatial randomness in a temporal (LEWIN et al., 2004). It is well known that both species sequence. If a series of counts of the number of are susceptible to fungal and insect pests REIS et al. individual animals are taken in some areas of defined (2006). Among these pests, one of the most important size and shape then there are available many indices of significant throughout Brazil is the coffee-leaf-miner spatial aggregation. KREBS (1999) advocates that the [Leucoptera coffeella (Guérin Mèneville & Perrottet, Morisita’s index is the best one in this purpose and, 1842) (Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae)]. therefore this index has been frequently used by The caterpillars of the leaf miner moth attack researchers for pest spatial analysis of . Unfortunately, the coffee leaves causing loss of the photosynthetic there are certain objection about how they are using it. area as a consequence of necrosis of the leaf surface Namely, how to assess the sampling variation and early fall of the coffee leaf. This may affect the associated with an index calculated from sample data. coffee plant crop in many different ways. Firstly, the Without this, it is not possible to obtain confidence plant will have a life spam shorter than expected, interval for the population index and the analysis is secondly there is a reduction of the plant production, based only on point estimates that are often subjective. where it is estimated that the loss in yield due to The aim of this paper is to present a infestation by L. coffeella moths is around 40% in distribution-free method based on an application of Brazil, and thirdly there is a drop in the quality of the bootstrap method to obtain confidence intervals of coffee beans (COFFEE-TEA.CO.UK, 2010). Morisita’s index, in a temporal sequence, in order to The conventional chemical control is the characterize the spatial-temporal dynamics of the method most used against the coffee-leaf-miner, coffee-leaf-miner (L. coffeella) and predatory wasps unfortunately this method leads to many side effects: (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in a plantation of organic It does not prevent occurrence of secondary outbreaks, coffee. the pest may become resistant to the insecticides that are used to control it and the pesticide may be lethal to MATERIAL AND METHODS natural predators of the coffee-leaf-miner. Thus, chemical control is not a good long term strategy for The study was conducted between January the control of coffee pests (COFFEE-TEA.CO.UK, 2005 and March 2007 at the Cachoeira Farm, in Santo 2010). Consequently, coffee producers are being trained Antonio do Amparo county, MG, Brazil (20o53’54.29’’ in organic practices to develop free insecticide S, 44o56’29.87’’ W, altitude 1,013m). This region practices. REIS et al. (2006) advocate that predatory presents annual average temperature of 19ºC, annual wasps play a significant role in the natural biological average precipitation of 1,529mm and average relative control of the coffee-leaf-miner. Some species of humidity of 76%. Throughout this paper, “rainy predators of the coffee-leaf-miner found in Brazil and season” refers to the period between November and pertaining to the Hymenoptera order and the Vespidae March when historical average rainfall is >200mm and family are Brachygastra lecheguana (Latreille, 1824), the historical average temperature is approximately Polistes versicolor (Oliver, 1791), Polybia paulista 24ºC, while “dry season” refers to the April and October Ihering, Polybia scutellaris (White, 1841) and period when average rainfall is <100mm and the Protonectarina sylveirae (Saussure, 1854) (REIS et al., historical average temperature is approximately 10ºC. 2006). Dimensions of the experimental area were 120m by 90m.