Florida Historical Quarterly Volume 65 Number 1 Florida Historical Quarterly, Volume Article 1 65, Number 1 1986 Florida Historical Quarterly, Volume 65, Number 1 Florida Historical Society [email protected] Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/fhq University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Full Issue is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Florida Historical Quarterly by an authorized editor of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Recommended Citation Society, Florida Historical (1986) "Florida Historical Quarterly, Volume 65, Number 1," Florida Historical Quarterly: Vol. 65 : No. 1 , Article 1. Available at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/fhq/vol65/iss1/1 Society: Florida Historical Quarterly, Volume 65, Number 1 Published by STARS, 1986 1 Florida Historical Quarterly, Vol. 65 [1986], No. 1, Art. 1 COVER The Castillo de San Marcos at St. Augustine, built by Spain between 1672 and 1695, replaced nine successive wooden forts which had protected the city since its founding in 1565. The Castillo defended Florida against major attacks in 1702 and 1740. It was transferred to the British in 1763, and was returned to Spain after the American Revolution. It became a possession of the United States when Florida was ceded in 1821. Photograph courtesy of the National Park Service. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/fhq/vol65/iss1/1 2 Society: Florida Historical Quarterly, Volume 65, Number 1 Volume LXV, Number 1 July 1986 THE FLORIDA HISTORICAL SOCIETY COPYRIGHT 1986 by the Florida Historical Society, Tampa, Florida. Second class postage paid at Tampa and DeLeon Springs, Florida. Printed by E.O. Painter Printing Co., DeLeon Springs, Florida. (ISSN 0015-4113) Published by STARS, 1986 3 Florida Historical Quarterly, Vol. 65 [1986], No. 1, Art. 1 THE FLORIDA HISTORICAL QUARTERLY Samuel Proctor, Editor Gordon J. Tapper, Editorial Assistant EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD David R. Colburn University of Florida Herbert J. Doherty, Jr. University of Florida Michael V. Gannon University of Florida John K. Mahon University of Florida (Emeritus) Jerrell H. Shofner University of Central Florida Charlton W. Tebeau University of Miami (Emeritus) J. Leitch Wright, Jr. Florida State University Correspondence concerning contributions, books for review, and all editorial matters should be addressed to the Editor, Flor- ida Historical Quarterly, Box 14045, University Station, Gaines- ville, Florida 32604-2045. The Quarterly is interested in articles and documents pertaining to the history of Florida. Sources, style, footnote form, original- ity of material and interpretation, clarity of thought, and in- terest of readers are considered. All copy, including footnotes, should be double-spaced. Footnotes are to be numbered con- secutively in the text and assembled at the end of the article. Particular attention should be given to following the footnote style of the Quarterly. The author should submit an original and retain a carbon for security The Florida Historical Society and the Editor of the Florida Historical Quarterly accept no responsi- bility for statements made or opinions held by authors. The Quarterly reviews books dealing with all aspects of Florida his- tory. Books to be reviewed should be sent to the Editor together with price and information on how they can be ordered. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/fhq/vol65/iss1/1 4 Society: Florida Historical Quarterly, Volume 65, Number 1 Table of Contents GROVELAND: FLORIDA's LITTLE SCOTTSBORO Steven F. Lawson, David R. Colburn, and Darryl Paulson 1 BROKERS, BINDERS, AND BUILDERS: GREATER MIAMI'S BOOM OF THE MID-1920s Paul S. George 27 JACKSONVILLE IN THE PROGRESSIVE ERA: RESPONSES TO URBAN GROWTH James B. Crooks 52 CONSERVATION AND REUTILIZATION OF THE CASTILLO DE SAN MARCOS AND FORT MATANZAS Luis Rafael Arana 72 NOTES AND DOCUMENTS: FLORIDA HISTORY IN PERIODICALS, 1985 92 BOOK REVIEws.... 101 B OOK NOTES . .. 129 HISTORY NEWS . .. .. 135 Published by STARS, 1986 5 Florida Historical Quarterly, Vol. 65 [1986], No. 1, Art. 1 BOOK REVIEWS THE FLORIDA SITUADO: QUANTIFYING THE FIRST EIGHTY YEARS, by Engel Sluiter reviewed by Lyle N. McAlister BEYOND THE NEXT MOUNTAIN: AN AUTOBIOGRAPHY BY ROBERT CRAW- FORD WOODARD, DECEMBER 9, 1867-August 31, 1949. reviwed by Paul S. George BERNARD ROMANS: FORGOTTEN PATRIOT OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. MILITARY ENGINEER AND CARTOGRAPHER OF WEST POINT AND THE HUD- SON VALLEY, by Lincoln Diamant reviewed by Louis De Vorsey, Jr. THE GEORGIA-FLORIDA CONTEST IN THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION, 1776- 1778, by Martha Condray Searcy reviewed by Robin F. A. Fabel MY GOLD COAST: SOUTH FLORIDA IN EARLIER YEARS, by Lora Sinks Britt reviewed by Thelma Peters MCKEITHEN WEEDEN ISLAND: T.HE CULTURE OF NORTHERN FLORIDA, A.D. 200-900, by Jerald T. Milanich, Ann S. Cordell,Vernon J. Knight, Jr., Timothy A. Kohler, and Brenda J. Sigler-Lavelle reviewed by John F. Scarry SET FAIR FOR ROANOKE: VOYAGES AND COLONIES, 1584-1606, by David Beers Quinn reviewed by Paul E. Hoffman ALABAMA AND THE BORDERLANDS: FROM PREHISTORY TO STATEHOOD, edited by R. Reid Badger and Lawrence A. Clayton reviewed by Michael V. Gannon THE PAPERS OF ANDREW JACKSON, VOLUME II, 1804-1813, edited by Harold D. Moser, Sharon Mac Pherson, and Charles F. Bryan, Jr. reviewed by Herbert J. Doherty, Jr. THE BICENTENNIAL OF JOHN JAMES AUDUBON, by Alton A. Lindsey reviewed by Charlotte M. Porter THE RISE OF THE URBAN SOUTH, by Lawrence H. Larsen reviewed by James B. Crooks THE BLACK SPIRITUAL MOVEMENT: A RELIGIOUS RESPONSE TO RACISM, by Hans A. Baer reviewed by Jim Haskins RELIGION IN THE SOUTH, edited by Charles Reagan Wilson reviewed by Anne C. Loveland EXORCISING BLACKNESS: HISTORICAL AND LITERARY LYNCHING AND BURNING RITUALS, by Trudier Harris reviewed by Stephen J. Whitfield ONE VOICE: RABBI JACOB M. ROTHSCHILD AND THE TROUBLED SOUTH, by Janice Rothschild Blumberg reviewed by Kenneth W. Stein AMERICA'S NATIONAL PARKS AND THEIR KEEPERS, by Ronald A. Foresta reviewed by Michael G. Schene https://stars.library.ucf.edu/fhq/vol65/iss1/1 6 Society: Florida Historical Quarterly, Volume 65, Number 1 GROVELAND: FLORIDA’S LITTLE SCOTTSBORO by STEVEN F. LAWSON, DAVID R. COLBURN, AND DARRYL PAULSON HE residents of Lake County, Florida, awoke on the morn- T ing of July 16, 1949, to a drama that was hauntingly familiar and yet disturbingly different. Word passed quickly through the area of small towns and rural communities that before dawn on this summer Sunday’s white woman had been attacked and raped by four black men near Groveland. In the past, such crimes had stirred lynch mobs into acts of vengeance, and this occasion proved no exception. However, in this instance, blood- thirsty vigilantes did not succeed in rendering summary punish- ment, but they partially achieved their objectives through lawful means. Although lynching diminished in influence in the post World War II South, public officials, responding to social and political pressures, accomplished the same goals in a legally- sanctioned fashion. Following the war, black veterans who returned home found the Jim Crow South virtually unchanged. They encountered hostile whites determined to preserve the rigid system of racial oppression. Despite the elimination of the white primary by the Supreme Court in 1944, southern politicians applied literacy tests, poll taxes, and other devices to keep blacks disfranchised. These official forms of discrimination were reinforced by pri- vate acts or threats of violence. In 1946, Senator Theodore Bilbo of Mississippi encouraged his “red blooded” constituents to pre- vent blacks from voting by paying them a visit “the night before the election.“1 During the first half of 1949, the Southern Reg- ional Council reported 108 cases “in which southern private Steven F. Lawson is professor of history, University of South Florida. David R. Colburn is professor of history and chairman of the department, Uni- versity of Florida. Darryl Paulson is associate professor of political science, University of South Florida. 1. The white primary case was Smith v. Allwright, 321 U.S. 649 (1944); Steven F. Lawson, Black Ballots: Voting Rights in the South, 1944 -1969 (New York, 1976), 100. [1] Published by STARS, 1986 7 Florida Historical Quarterly, Vol. 65 [1986], No. 1, Art. 1 2 F LORIDA H ISTORICAL Q UARTERLY citizens and public officials attempted to usurp the functions of our legal institutions.“2 Florida also faced a stiff challenge to its defense of the racial status quo. Led by the state NAACP and local civic groups, black Floridians launched an assault on the edifices of discrimination. After the defeat of the white primary, Harry T. Moore formed the Florida Progressive Voters League to encourage blacks to register. Between 1947 and 1950, the number of blacks enrolled on the suffrage lists swelled from 49,000 to over 116,000. Moore also served as president of the state conference of NAACP branches, and he initiated judicial action to equalize the salaries of underpaid black school teachers with those of whites. For his activities, he and his wife were fired from their teaching posi- tions in Brevard County.3 In 1949, Moore turned his attention to the Groveland rape case, an episode that put Florida racial justice on trial before the nation and the world. Nestled in the center of citrus and lake country in mid-Flor- ida, Groveland became a home for blacks almost immediately after its establishment in 1910. Whites living in nearby Mascotte decided that they did not want blacks in their community, al- though they did want them sufficiently close at hand to work in the groves. Because citrus tended to be a seasonal occupation, blacks were encouraged to develop small farms to feed their families during the off season. Many of Groveland’s blacks re- sided in an area called Stuckey’s Still where several owned their own homes.