Durham E-Theses John Adams: hostile to the republicanism of the United States: the development of his political thought from 1765 Pound, John David Wedgwood How to cite: Pound, John David Wedgwood (1999) John Adams: hostile to the republicanism of the United States: the development of his political thought from 1765, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/4556/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 John Adams: "Hostile to the Republicanism of the United States"? The Development of his Political Thought from 1765. The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without the written consent of the author and information derived from it should be acknowledged. JOHN DAVID WEDGWOOD POUND Candidate for Master of Arts (by Thesis) Department of Politics, University ofDurham 1999 2 3 MAY 2000 Abstract of: John Adams: "Hostile to the Republicanism of the United States"? The Development of his Political Thought from 1765. By John Wedgwood Pound, Candidate for Master of Arts (By Thesis), 1999. A study of the development of John Adams's thought, from the Stamp Act of 1765 through thirty-five years of public service and a further twenty of reflective retirement. It draws principally upon his published works, Dissertation on the Canon and Feudal Law, the Novanglus Letters, Defence of the Constitutions, Discourses on Davila; and on his Diary, Autobiography and prolific correspondence with Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Rush, and others. This examination of his political thought addresses his initial motives for opposition to the British Government and the way in which this position evolved into a more systematic theory of government. The principal focus for this Thesis lies in the examination of the cause and course of the evolution of this theory over the succeeding years, in relation to what might be termed the "mainstream" of republican thought. As such it comprises a discussion of the various and conflicting ideological sources and interpretations of the Revolution and of "republicanism" as an aspiration, an idealistic model and a practical form of government. Changes in Adams's thought were determined by events, and his ideas are discussed in relation to the context of the early Republic, the growth of parties and domestic and foreign problems, particularly relations with France and Great Britain after the Revolution, and the cultural legacy of the latter and growing radical influence of the former after 1789. All this contributed to his concluding appraisal of the American people, and the state and future of the American Republic. Consequently, it is with reference to these conclusions that the central contention will be addressed: his support for and understanding of the republican experiment. His place in the development of American thought, the validity of his analysis and a defence of his patriotism, undiminished by his honest, if impolitic frame of thought, is argued. Table of Contents Chronology 2 Preface 6 I. John Adams's Revolution 8 II. The New England Way and the Logic of Rebellion 21 III. The Fall: The Disillusionment of John Adams 46 IV. Providence Over Error: The Justification for 73 Hereditary Office-Holding V. Lamentations 107 Appendix I; Genealogical Chart: The Adams Family of Massachusetts. 130 Bibliography. 132 ©Copyright Notice The copyright of this thesis rests with the author: No quotation from it should be published without their prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged. Chronology Year General Events Adams Events 1735 (October 19th) Adams's Birth Braintree, Norfolk County Massachusetts. 1751 Enrols at Harvard 1753 (June) Starts his Diary 1755 (July) Graduates (August) Starts teaching at Worcester. 1756 (August) Starts Reading Law with James Putnam. 1761 (May) Death of his Father, Deacon John Adams. Inherits the Braintree Property (November) Admitted to Practice in the Superior Court 1762 (August) Admitted barrister in the Superior Court. 1763 Conquest of Canada, end of the War (June) Humphrey Ploughjogger with the French Correspondence. 1764 (October 25th) Marries Abigail Smith. 1765 The Stamp Act is passed. (Aug-Oct) "A Dissertation of Canon and Feudal Law" in the Boston Gazette. (September) Composes "Instructions to the Representatives of Braintree" 1766 Stamp Act Repealed, Declaratory Act Passed 1773 (10th May) The Tea Act (16th December) Boston Tea Party 1774 (June) Elected a Massachusetts Delegate to the Continental Congress. 2 (August & December) Re• elected to the Continental Congress 1775 (April) Skirmishes at Lexington (January-April) Publishes the and Concord, Massachusetts "Novanglus Letters." 1776 (March-April) "Thoughts on Government" published in pamphlet form. 1776 (June-July) Appointed to the Committee to draft a Declaration of Independence. (July 4th) Declaration of Independence 1777 (November) Joint Commissioner with Franklin and Arthur Lee to France. 1778 Proposed Constitution in Massachusetts Rejected 1779 (August-November) Elected to represent Braintree in the Massachusetts Constitutional Convention. And drafts the Report. 1780 Proposed Massachusetts Constitution Accepted and Ratified (December-Jan) Elected joint Commissioner to negotiate a Treaty of amity and commerce with the Netherlands. 1781 (19th October) Cornwallis surrenders (June) Elected by Congress to treat for peace with Great Britain (July-Oct. 1782) Returns to Amsterdam. 1782 (Oct.-Nov.) Negotiations for peace with Great Britain. 1783 Peace Treaty with Great Britain. (September 3rd) Signs as party to the Definitive Treaty with Great Britain. 1784 In Amsterdam: 3 1785 (Feb.) Elected by Congress as America's first Minister to the Court of St. James. (June 1st) Granted audience with King George III. 1786 (March-April) Tours England's Country Seats with Thomas Jefferson. 1787 (January) London: Publishes the first volume of the Defence of the Constitutions of Government of the United States. (September) Second Volume 1788 (February 20th) Final audience with King George III Third Volume of Defence (June) Returns to Boston 1789 The French Revolution Elected Vice-President 1790 (April) "Discourses on Davila" published in the Gazette of the United States. 1793 (-1815) Great Britain at War with France (February) Re-elected Vice President 1796 (December) Elected President of the United States. 1797 (May-June) Appoints First Peace Mission to France. 1798 "XYZ Affair" (June-July) Alien and Sedition Act 1799 Appoints 2nd Peace Mission to France. 4 1800 (August-September) Alexander Hamilton's Letter attacking John Adams, general electoral chicanery. (Sept-Oct) Quasi-War with France ended News arrives to late to affect the National Election. 1800 (December) Adams defeated by Thomas Jefferson. 1801 (January) "Midnight Appointments." 1802 (October) Starts Writing Autobiography. Part one completed in 1805. 1805 Publishes a collection of the Discourse on Davila 1806 Part Two of Autobiography 1807 Part Three of Autobiography. Dispute with Mercy Otis Warren. 1809 (April) Boston Patriot Letters. 1812 (-1814) At War with Great Britain (Jan) Resumes correspondence with Thomas Jefferson. 1818 (Oct. 28th) Abigail Adams dies 1819 John Adams publishes collected edition of Novanglus and Massachusettensis. 1820 (November-December) Attends Massachusetts Constitutional Convention. 1824 (December) John Quincy Adams elected President of the United States. 1826 50th Anniversary of the (July 4th) John Adams dies, as Declaration of Independence does Thomas Jefferson, a few hours before. 5 PREFACE Preface He hated politics but loved political science, especially when he could apply theory to feet in his favourite trade of Constitution Making.1 John Adams, second President of the United States, played a key role in the Revolution and the early years of the new Republic. Stephen Kurtz confirms, regretfully, that "John Adams is seldom emphasised as one of the great Americans,"3 and it is partly because of this that he is such an interesting study. It would be difficult not to warm to Adams as a sympathetic and perhaps an almost tragic character. Adams urged his son John Quiricy to remember that the Founding Fathers were "Men like ourselves"; his diaries, autobiography and letters expose his very human foibles and an honest eccentricity which has become the bane of his historical reputation. The development of his thought from 1765 is driven by events: it is an evolutionary process and a strong seam of consistency runs throughout it. There is a bed-rock of Adams principles which are at the base of all his changing attitudes and ideas. His greatest significance lies, perhaps not with his revolutionary activities, or his time as President, but with the understanding of the conflict between radical innovation and the passing world which can be understood though his writings and the opposition of others to them . This is not to deny that he was a radical figure, for he was in his own particular Adams way, but he was not innovative. As a result, he was left behind, out of step, out 1 Clinton Rossiter, "The Legacy of John Adams" Yale ReviewNo. 4> voli 46/ (1957). 6 PREFACE of favour, estranged from an America which was developing through an innovative spirit. He was ill at ease with this America as it developed after the Revolution, he was dissatisfied with the Revolution, arid did not Understand the direction the country Was moving in.