Human Trafficking & Native Peoples in Oregon: A Human Rights Report May 2014 Prepared by the International Human Rights Clinic at Willamette University College of Law HUMAN TRAFFICKING & NATIVE PEOPLES IN OREGON: A HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT Prepared by the International Human Rights Clinic Willamette University College of Law Under the guidance and supervision of Professor Gwynne Skinner Student Editor: Hayley Weedn, Clinic Intern (Class of 2013) Legal Interns in the International Human Rights Clinic engaged in the fact-finding and prepared this report over the course of three academic semesters. Clinic Interns who worked on the fact-finding or final report were: Lead authors: Hayley Weedn (Class of 2013), Joseph Scovel (Class of 2014), and Jason Juran (Class of 2014) Other interns in the Clinic who worked on this project and contributed valuable time and effort: Emily Apel, Christine Baker, Laura Bloom, Joseph Elwood, Andrea Flanagan, and Michael Hicks. None of the authors of the Report identify as Native American. We realize this fact fairly creates questions about the Report’s credibility. We also realize that it inherently limits our understanding regarding Native cultures and the complex repercussions of colonization. We acknowledge the long history and impact of oppressive policies and other institutional forms of cultural destruction wrought by colonization that continues today. We also maintain the highest level of respect and reverence for Native Peoples and the Tribes of Oregon. For any mistakes we make, any insensitivity we show, or any offense or upset we cause, we apologize. Please know such mistakes or insensitivities were not intentional. We approached this project with the utmost respect for Native cultures and with humility. A note about the cover: The cover depicts the Medicine Wheel (or Sacred Hoop) – a Native American symbol representing the cycles of life, important for spiritual healing and wellness. Intern Joseph Scovel recreated this symbol and inserted the hand. The hand represents the need to reach out and bridge the cultural divide between the Native and non-Native communities through understanding and humility. Acknowledgements Thanks to all those who participated in this fact-finding, allowed themselves to be interviewed, or otherwise provided valuable information. Special thanks go to: Dr. Alexandra (Sandi) Pierce, whose groundbreaking work, “Shattered Hearts”, inspired this Report. Dr. Pierce provided invaluable guidance to us during the early planning stages of the Report and generously agreed to allow us to reprint portions of “Shattered Hearts” in this report. Desireé Coyote (formerly Allen-Cruz), Family Service Program Manager for the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation, who generously contributed her time in talking with us for hours and also reviewed sections of the Report. Brent Leonhard, attorney, Office of Legal Counsel, Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation and Special Assistant U.S. Attorney, who generously contributed his time in talking with us and in reviewing sections of the Report. Native American Youth and Family Center (NAYA), whose staff members assisted us in the early stages of planning the Report and in putting us in contact with many in the Native community. Professor Skinner also thanks all the students in her clinic that worked on this important report. Special thanks go to former student and clinic intern Hayley Weedn who put so much time, effort, and heart into this report, and continued to do so for almost a year after she graduated from Willamette College of Law. In addition to her work, knowledge, and research regarding the complex jurisdictional issues in the Report (and found in the appendix), Hayley brought valuable experience, knowledge, and insight regarding the Native American community. Table of Contents I. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................................. 1 A. PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF REPORT ....................................................................................................... 1 B. METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................................................ 2 1. Interviews ................................................................................................................................................... 2 2. Surveys ....................................................................................................................................................... 3 3. Research ..................................................................................................................................................... 3 C. THEMES ........................................................................................................................................................ 4 II. BACKGROUND OF RELEVANT TRIBAL HISTORY AND STATUS ..................................................... 6 A. OVERVIEW OF TREATMENT OF NATIVE AMERICANS IN OREGON AND THE UNITED STATES ................................................................................................................................................................... 7 1. Initial Contact between Native Americans and Europeans...................................................................... 7 2. The Treaty Era and Removal .................................................................................................................... 8 3. Allotment and Reorganization................................................................................................................... 8 4. Termination ............................................................................................................................................... 9 5. Restoration ................................................................................................................................................. 9 B. THE TRIBES AND RESERVATION LANDS IN OREGON .................................................................. 10 1. Confederated Tribes of Umatilla Indian Reservation ............................................................................ 10 2. Burns-Paiute Indian Reservation ........................................................................................................... 10 3. Warm Springs Reservation ...................................................................................................................... 11 4. Grand Ronde Reservation ....................................................................................................................... 11 5. Siletz Reservation ..................................................................................................................................... 12 6. Coos, Lower Umpqua, and Siuslaw Reservation .................................................................................... 12 7. Coquille Reservation ................................................................................................................................ 13 8. Cow Creek Umpqua Reservation ............................................................................................................ 13 9. Klamath Reservation ............................................................................................................................... 13 III. HISTORICAL TREATMENT OF NATIVE WOMEN AND GENERATIONAL TRAUMA: AN EXCERPT FROM SHATTERED HEARTS ............................................................................................................ 14 IV. LEGAL OBLIGATIONS WITH REGARD TO HUMAN TRAFFICKING ......................................... 22 A. INTERNATIONAL LAW .......................................................................................................................... 22 1. Treaties ..................................................................................................................................................... 23 2. Customary International Law ................................................................................................................. 25 B. FEDERAL LAW - TRAFFICKING VICTIMS’ PROTECTION ACT .................................................. 26 1. Aims of the TVPA .................................................................................................................................... 27 2. Inclusion of a Tribal Provision ............................................................................................................... 28 i C. OREGON LAW ........................................................................................................................................... 28 1. Provisions in Oregon’s Constitution ....................................................................................................... 28 2. Oregon’s Human Trafficking Statutes ................................................................................................... 28 a. Current Statutory Framework ......................................................................................................... 28 b. Recent State Legislation .................................................................................................................... 31 3. Oregon’s Constitution and the Sex Industry .......................................................................................... 32 D. TRIBAL