Redefining Protein ADJUSTING DIETS TO PROTECT PUBLIC HEALTH AND CONSERVE RESOURCES APRIL 2017 TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Glossary ...........................................................................................................................................................................................4 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................................... 5 Overview of key impact categories .............................................................................................................................................7 Human health considerations ...........................................................................................................................................................................7 Environmental health considerations .............................................................................................................................................................7 Climate change .................................................................................................................................................................................................7 Land use ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 8 Water use ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 9 Fertilizer use .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 10 Pesticide use .....................................................................................................................................................................................................11 Antibiotic, hormone, and other pharmaceutical use...........................................................................................................................12 Biodiversity and ecosystem function .......................................................................................................................................................12 Social justice considerations ............................................................................................................................................................................12 Animal welfare considerations.........................................................................................................................................................................13 Limitations of this report ............................................................................................................................................................14 Excluded foods .....................................................................................................................................................................................................14 Functional unit selection ...................................................................................................................................................................................14 Data limitations ....................................................................................................................................................................................................14 Legumes (pulses and soy) ..........................................................................................................................................................15 Human health considerations .........................................................................................................................................................................16 Pulses .................................................................................................................................................................................................................16 Soy .....................................................................................................................................................................................................................16 Environmental health considerations ...........................................................................................................................................................17 Climate change ...............................................................................................................................................................................................17 Land use ............................................................................................................................................................................................................17 Water use ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................18 Fertilizer use, nitrogen leaching, and gaseous emissions ..................................................................................................................18 Pesticide use ...................................................................................................................................................................................................19 Biodiversity and ecosystem function .......................................................................................................................................................19 Social justice considerations .......................................................................................................................................................................... 20 Nuts and seeds .............................................................................................................................................................................21 Human health considerations ........................................................................................................................................................................21 Environmental health considerations ..........................................................................................................................................................22 Climate change ..............................................................................................................................................................................................22 Land use ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................22 Water use .........................................................................................................................................................................................................22 Fertilizer use ....................................................................................................................................................................................................23 Pesticide use ...................................................................................................................................................................................................23 Biodiversity and ecosystem function ......................................................................................................................................................23 Social justice considerations ...........................................................................................................................................................................23 Limitations ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................24 Redefining Protein: Adjusting Diets to Protect Public Health and Conserve Resources i Eggs .................................................................................................................................................................................................25 Human health considerations ........................................................................................................................................................................26 Environmental health considerations ..........................................................................................................................................................26 Climate change ..............................................................................................................................................................................................26 Land use ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................26