CSLO2. Provide examples of the impact ofPowerPoint ® Lecture microorganisms on agriculture, environment,Presentations prepared by ecosystem, energy, and human health, includingMindy Miller -Kittrell, North Carolina biofilms. State University CSLO5. Describe evidence for the evolution of cells, organelles and major metabolic pathways from early C H A P T E R 11 prokaryotes and how phylogenetic trees reflect evolutionary relationships. Characterizing and Classifying Prokaryotes © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. amazing bacteria do amazing things http://www.cnn.com/2016/03/11/world/bacteria-discovery-plastic/index.html http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/45556/title/Microbial-Recycler- Found/ Important Environmental Role of Microorganisms Act as Recyclers of Nature - Recycling of chemicals (carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur) 1406 CONCEPT 11.1 © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 1 Recycling capability can be used for our benefit Bioremediation uses living bacteria, fungi, and algae to detoxify polluted environments FACT 11.1 Kill the Spill © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f2GU3RyiTow How do Prokaryotic Organisms CONCEPT 11.2 Reproduce ? All reproduce asexually using one of 3 methods 1) Binary fission (most common) 2) Snapping division 3) Budding © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 2) Snapping division - a variation of binary fission. Older, outer portion of cell wall Corynebacterium Newer, inner portion of cell wall Rupture of older, outer wall palisades is bacterial arrangements which is the result of snapping division Hinge © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. CONCEPT 11.2 2 3) Budding - Parent cell retains its identity daughter cell Is smaller CONCEPT 11.2 © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. cause of shape is because CONCEPT 11.3 of shape of cell wall Morphology = coccus Arrangement = streptococcus cause of arrangement is because of two aspects of division during binary fission 1) Planes in which cells divide 2) Separation of daughter cells © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.7 Arrangements of cocci. Plane of division Diplococci CONCEPT 11.3 1) Planes in which cells Streptococci divide Tetrads 2) Separation of cells Sarcinae Staphylococci © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 3 Figure 11.8 Arrangements of bacilli. CONCEPT 11.3 Single bacillus Corynebacterium Diplobacilli palisades Streptobacilli is bacterial arrangements of bacilli which is the result of snapping division Palisade V-shape © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Modern Prokaryotic Classification CONCEPT 11.4 • Classification based on genetic relatedness of ribosomal RNA sequences • Three domains • Archaea • Bacteria • Eukarya © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.9 Prokaryotic taxonomy based on rRNA sequences PHYLUM CHLOROFLEXI CONCEPT 11.4 BACTERIA (green nonsulfur) Thermophilic PHYLUM DEINOCOCCUS-THERMUS bacteria Deeply branching bacteria GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA PHYLUM PROTEOBACTERIA PHYLUM AQUIFICAE Rickettsias () Purple nonsulfur () Nitrifying () Nitrogen fixing () How to read the chart Myxobacteria () Size of disc = # species PHYLUM CHLOROBI Campylobacteria () Closer = more similar (green sulfur) Gammaproteobacteria () Neisserias () PHYLUM CYANOBACTERIA PHYLUM FIBROBACTERES PHYLUM evolutionarily BACTEROIDETES PHYLUM CHLAMYDIAE PHYLUM PHYLUM SPIROCHAETES ARCHAEA PLANCTOMYCETES PHYLUM EURYARCHAEOTA Methanogens Low G+C Gram-positive PHYLUM PHYLUM FIRMICUTES PHYLUM FUSOBACTERIA CRENARCHAEOTA Clostridia Halophiles Mycoplasmas Selenomonas Bacilli, lactobacili, cocci Streptomyces Atopobium Arthrobacter Corynebacterium Thermophilic Mycobacterium archaea Nocardia PHYLUM ACTINOBACTERIA GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIAHigh G+C Gram-positive © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 4 Classification of Archaea CONCEPT 11.5 1) Common features 1) Lack true peptidoglycan 2) Genetic code similar to eukaryotes - AUG codon codes for methionine like eukaryotes 2) Two phyla: Crenarchaeota, Euryarchaeota • Reproduce by binary fission, budding, or fragmentation • Are cocci, bacilli, spirals, or pleomorphic • Not known to cause disease © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Survey of Archaea CONCEPT 11.6 A) Extremophiles - Require extreme conditions to survive A1) Thermophiles and Hyperthermophiles (over 80ºC) DNA, RNA, cytoplasmic membranes, and proteins do not function properly below 45ºC Pyrodictium © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.11 Some hyperthermophilic archaea live in hot springs. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 5 Classification of Archaea CONCEPT 11.7 A2) Halophiles • Inhabit extremely saline habitats • Require greater than 9% NaCl to maintain integrity of cell walls • Most studied – Halobacterium salinarium Many contain red or orange pigments (may protect from sunlight) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Classification of Archaea CONCEPT 11.8 B) Methanogens (obligate anaerobe) e.g. Methanopyrus 1) Largest group of archaea 2) Convert carbon dioxide, hydrogen gas, and organic acids to methane gas – economic importance 3) Convert organic wastes in pond, lake, and ocean sediments to methane gas – environmental importance 4) Some live in colons of animals - one of primary sources of environmental methane • Have produced ~10 trillion tons of methane that is buried in mud on ocean floor © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Methanogens (obligate anaerobe) Where do you find them ? Carbon dioxide Methane © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 6 4) Some live in colons of animals - one of primary sources of environmental methane 5) also used for gas production © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Classification of Bacteria 1 2 2 2 © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 7 Classification of Bacteria CONCEPT 11.9 1) Deeply Branching and 2) Phototrophic Bacteria 1) Deeply branching bacteria • Autotrophic • Scientists believe these organisms are similar to earliest bacteria • Live in habitats similar to those thought to exist on early Earth e.g. Aquifex • Considered to represent earliest branch of bacteria © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Aquifex Considered to represent earliest branch of bacteria © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Classification of Bacteria CONCEPT 11.10 2) Phototrophic bacteria • Autotrophic - contain photosynthetic lamellae • Divided into five groups based on pigments and source of electrons for photosynthesis • Blue-green bacteria (cyanobacteria) • Green sulfur bacteria • Green nonsulfur bacteria • Purple sulfur bacteria • Purple nonsulfur bacteria © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 8 Function of Bacterial Cytoplasmic Membranes FACT 3.21 1) Energy storage Harvest light energy in photosynthetic bacteria cytoplasmic membrane infoldings cyanobacteria Purple Sulphur bacteria © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.13 cyanobacteria CONCEPT 11.10 Oxygenic Vegetative cell FACT 11.2 Photosynthesis Electron Donor is Heterocyst Water oxygen (uses Chlorophyll a Nitrogen fixation Akinete Same as in plants) Anoxygenic Photosynthesis Figure 11.14 Deposits of sulfur within purple sulfur bacteria. (uses bacteriocholorphylls) Electron Donor is H2S Sulphur Sulphur types Internal storage – purple sulphur External storage – green sulphur Nonsulphur types Electron Donor is organic compounds © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 9 Classification of Bacteria based CONCEPT 4.12 on Analysis of nucleic acids Nucleic acid sequence can be used to classify and identify microbes 1) rRNA sequences – domains based on it 2) Prokaryotic taxonomy also includes the G + C content of an organism's DNA © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. FACT 11.3 CONCEPT 11.11 Phylum Class Low G+C High G+C © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Classification of Bacteria CONCEPT 11.11 1) Low G + C Gram-Positive Bacteria (plus Similar rRNA seqs) (Fermicutes-Clostridia) Clostridium (1/3) – make endospores and toxins Rod-shaped, obligate anaerobes FACT 11.4 Important in medicine and industry Clostridium botulinum/tetani/perfringes/difficile Clostridium botulinum Clostridium difficile (C diff) bacteria makes powerful Opportunistic pathogen neurotoxin Clostridium difficile colitis results from disruption of normal healthy bacteria in the colon, often from antibiotics. Symptoms include diarrhea, belly pain, and fever. https://www.cdc.gov/hai/organisms/cdiff/cdiff- patient.html © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 10 Classification of Bacteria CONCEPT 11.11 1) Low G + C Gram-Positive Bacteria (plus Similar rRNA seqs) (Fermicutes-Mollicutes) Mycoplasma (2/3) FACT 11.5 • Lack cell walls - pleomorphic • Colonize mucous membranes of the respiratory and urinary tracts Mycoplasma pneumoniae Smallest free- living cells © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Classification of Bacteria CONCEPT 11.11 1) Low G + C Gram-Positive Bacteria (plus Similar rRNA seqs) (Fermicutes- Bacilli) Bacillus (3/3) FACT 11.6 Bacillus – make endospores and toxins • Bacillus anthracis • Bacillus thuringiensis toxin used by produces anthrax farmers and gardeners as an insecticide toxin • Spores used as bioweapon © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Classification of Bacteria CONCEPT 11.11 1) Low G + C Gram-Positive Bacteria (plus Similar rRNA seqs) (Fermicutes- Bacilli) Listeria (3/3) FACT 11.7 Listeria Contaminates milk and meat products Capable of reproducing under refrigeration Can cross the placenta in pregnant women (Fermicutes- Bacilli) Lactobacillus (3/3) Lactobacillus Grows in the body but rarely causes disease Used in the production of various foods – yogurt/buttermilk/pickle © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 11 Phylum Class Low G+C High G+C © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. CONCEPT 11.12 Classification of Bacteria CONCEPT 11.12 High G + C Gram-Positive