MACEDONIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES AND ARTS V Victor A. FRIEDMAN ictor MACEDONIAN STUDIES 2 A. F Victor A. FRIEDMAN RIEDMAN MACEDONIAN STUDIES MACEDONIAN S MACEDONIAN 2 TUDIES ISBN 978-608-203-150-7 2 Victor A. Friedman MACEDONIAN STUDIES 2 МАКЕДОНСКА АКАДЕМИЈА НА НАУКИТЕ И УМЕТНОСТИТЕ Виктор A. Фридман МАКЕДОНИСТИЧКИ СТУДИИ 2 Скопје, 2015 MACEDONIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES AND ARTS Victor A. Friedman MACEDONIAN STUDIES 2 Skopje, 2015 Уредници: акад. Зузана Тополињска проф. д-р Марјан Марковиќ Редакциски одбор: акад. Зузана Тополињска проф. д-р Марјан Марковиќ CIP - Каталогизација во публикација Национална и универзитетска библиотека „Св. Климент Охридски“, Скопје 811.163.3:811(497) 811(497):811.163.3 FRIEDMAN, Victor A. Macedonian Studies 2 / Victor A. Friedman. - Скопје : Македонска академија на науките и уметностите, 2015. - 362 стр. : табели ; 23 см На напор. насл. стр.: Македонистички студии 2 / Виктор А. Фридман. - Фусноти кон текстот. - Библиографија: стр. 319-360 ISBN 978-608-203-150-7 I. Фридман, Виктор А. види Friedman, Victor A. а) Македонски јазик - Балкански јазици - Компаративни истражувања б) Балкански јазици - Македонски јазик - Компаративни истражувања COBISS.MK-ID 99187210 Table of contents PREFACE & ACKNOWLEDGMENTS…................................................... 7 Grammatical Categories and a Comparative Balkan Grammar .................... 9 Morphological Innovation and Semantic Shift in Macedonian..................... 27 The Loss of the Imperfective Aorist in Macedonian: Structural Significance and Balkan Context.................................................. 37 About the ja- in Makedonskiot jazik : The fate of *ě- and *ę- .................. 57 Confirmative/Nonconfirmative in Balkan Slavic, Balkan Romance, and Abanian with Additional Observations on Turkish, Romani, Georgian, and Lak...................................................................................................... 63 Evidentiality in the Balkans with Special Attention to Macedonian and Albanian..................................................................................................... 103 ‘One’ as an Indefinite Marker in Balkan and Non-Balkan Slavic................. 129 Admirativity: Between modality and evidentiality........................................ 165 Macedonian-Albanian Contact-Induced Language Change Today............... 179 The Sociolinguistics of Literary Macedonian................................................ 185 The First Philological Conference for the Establishment of the Macedonian Alphabet and the Macedonian Literary Language: Its Precedents and Consequences................................................................... 213 Horace G. Lunt and the Beginning of Macedonian Studies in the United States.......................................................................................................... 233 Turkish Influence in Modern Macedonian and the Turkish Lexical Element in the Languages of the Republic of Macedonia......................... 237 The Implementation of Standard Macedonian: Problems and Results.......... 261 Language in Macedonia as an Identity Construction Site............................. 285 References...................................................................................................... 319 Macedonian Studies 2 Preface This collection of articles represents of more than four decades of my work on Macedonian published in English. Given the opportunity to revisit work I first published decades ago, I was pleasantly suprised that I still agree with myself for the most part. But, of cousre, neither knowledge nor events have stood still, and so relevant interventions were made. Many references were added to subsequent work, and I have taken these works into account in many places. The final article also contains a postscript owing to events and data not availble when the article was originally published. Each of the articles in this collection can still stand alone, and they ap- peared in venues with different audiences. As a result, some of them contain repetitions of basic facts or of my own previous work that will be noticed by those who read this collection as a book rather than selecting this or that article. Nonetheless, I chose to retain the basic shape of each article. Chicago 4 January 2014 Victor A. Friedman Acknowledgments The number of people to whom I owe thanks is too long to list here. I am grateful to each of them. Many of the people to whom I owe so much grati- tude are associated with one or more of the following institutions that all gave me enormously important support: Institute for the Macedonian Language “Krste P. Misirkov,” Macedonian Academy of Arts and Sciences, Ministry (formerly Secretariat, formerly Commission) for Information of the Republic of Macedonia (both Socialist and independent), University of Skopje “Sts. Cyril and Methodius, ” as well as the University of Prishtina and what was then the Secretariat of Information of the Autonomous Region of Kosovo. I also wish to express my acknowledgment of support from fellowships from the following US granting agencies : American Council of Learned Socie- ties for two Fellowship in East European Studies (1986, 2000-01) financed in part by the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Ford Foundation, International Research and Exchanges Board for travel grants to Macedonia in 1991and 1992, National Endowment for the Humanities (2001, Reference FA- 36517-01), and Fulbright-Hays Post-Doctoral Fellowship from the U.S. De- partment of Education as well as a fellowship from the John Simon Guggen- heim Memorial Foundation in 2008-2009. In addition to these grants, which enabled me to complete many of these articles (specific acknowledgments have been left as they were first made in each article), I owe an additional debt of thanks to the American Council of Learned Societies for a Fellowship in East European Studies with support from the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Social Science Research Council (2012-2013), an American Councils for International Education (ACTR/ACCELS) Title VIII Research Fellowship with support from the U.S. Department of State, Title VIII Program for Research and Training on Eastern Europe and Eurasia (Independent States of the former Soviet Union) (2012), and to the Center for Research on Language Diversity at La Trobe University. The book does not represent the opinions of any of the abovementioned granting agencies or institutions. I owe a special debt of gratitude to the Research Center for Areal Lin- guistics (ICAL) of the Macedonian Academy of Arts and Sciences, and espe- cially to Akad. Zuzana Topońska, Director, and Prof. Marjan Markovikj, Associate Director. Without their guidance, support, and help I could not possibly have completed the updating of this work. Macedonian Studies 2 Grammatical Categories and a Comparative Balkan Grammar* Published in: Ziele und Wege der Balkanlinguistik. (Balkanologische Veröf- fentlichungen, Vol. 8). Berlin: Osteuropa-Institut an der Freien Universität Ber- lin. 1983. 81-98. In the past half-century since Sandfeld's (1930) synthesis of "problems and results" which led to the establishment of Balkan linguistics as a field with- in the broader framework of areal and typological linguistics, certain general directions have been more consistently pursued than others. As Masica (1976:5) has observed in the context of areal linguistics in general: "Simply discovering and demonstrating individual instances of convergence has absorbed much of the time and energy of those interested in such phenomena". There is a general consensus that two of the most important goals for Balkan linguistics, whether seen as remedies for a perceived "crisis" or "stagnancy" in the field (Steinke 1976:21) or as the next natural step in the maturation of the discipline, are a Balkan linguistic atlas (mentioned at least as early as Skok and Budimir 1934:15; see now also Sobolev et al. 2002–) and a Balkan comparative grammar (Kazazis 1968; see now also Feuillet 2012). In order to achieve these goals, it will be necessary to broaden the scope of the bases of comparison. Until now, the overwhelming emphasis in comparative Balkan linguistics has been on read- ily perceptible surface phenomena, especially lexical borrowing, calquing, and a relatively small number of phonological and morpho-syntactic features such as the use of schwa or the replacement of the infinitive. Even in treating these phe- nomena, the lack of complete consistency in the facts of their occurrence within the a priori defined linguistic territory has lead scholars to attempt to define "cluster" phenomena (Hamp 1979, 1989), to suggest the elimination of some of the often reiterated examples of common features (Desnickaja 1979:9-11), or to * I am indebted to the Institute for the Macedonian Language, the Macedonian Acad- emy of Arts and Sciences, The Secretariat for Information of the Socialist Republic of Macedonia, and the University of Skopje for their consistent support of my work in Ma- cedonian over the past decade, to the Secretariat of Information of the Autonomous Re- gion of Kosovo and the University of Prishtina for their aid in my work on Albanian, and to a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities which has enabled me to devote 1980-81 to the research on Albanian whose preliminary conclusions are re- flected in this paper. It should be noted that all examples cited without sources were checked with native speakers. 9 Victor A. Friedman suggest that the